In History, Today on July 28

The Battle of Cascina took place between the Republic of Florence and the Republic of Pisa, part of the ongoing conflicts in Italy during the 14th century.

Thomas Cromwell, chief minister to King Henry VIII of England, was executed on charges of treason and heresy.

Maximilien Robespierre, a leading figure in the French Revolution, was executed by guillotine, marking the end of the Reign of Terror.

Peru declared its independence from Spain, marking a significant moment in the Latin American wars of independence.

The Battle of Ezra Church took place during the American Civil War, resulting in a Union victory under Major General William T. Sherman.

The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution was certified, granting citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves.

World War I began as Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

The Bonus Army, a group of World War I veterans, was forcibly dispersed by the U.S. Army in Washington, D.C., after protesting for early payment of a promised bonus.

A B-25 bomber crashed into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building in New York City due to fog, killing 14 people.

The Tangshan earthquake, one of the deadliest in recorded history, struck Tangshan, China, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people.

The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) formally announced an end to its armed campaign, stating that it would pursue its objectives through peaceful means.

The United Nations General Assembly declared access to clean water and sanitation a human right, recognizing the essential role of water in sustaining life and health.

Pope Francis conducted a mass for over three million people on Copacabana Beach in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, marking the conclusion of World Youth Day 2013.

Hillary Clinton accepted the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States, becoming the first woman to be nominated for president by a major U.S. political party.

The United States Senate rejects a proposal to repeal the Affordable Care Act, commonly known as Obamacare, with a dramatic vote that ends with a tie-breaking vote cast by Vice President Mike Pence.

The Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics, postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, continued with events held under strict health protocols and without spectators.