Valentinian I Proclaimed Augustus - February 28, 364

On February 28, 364, Valentinian I was proclaimed Augustus, marking the beginning of his reign as the Roman Emperor. This event was a significant moment in the history of the Roman Empire, as it set the stage for the division of responsibilities between Valentinian and his brother Valens, who would later co-rule the empire.

Background

Valentinian I, born in 321 in Cibalae (modern-day Vinkovci, Croatia), was a member of a Pannonian family with a strong military tradition. Before becoming emperor, he had a distinguished military career, serving under emperors such as Julian and Jovian. His rise to power came during a period of instability following the death of Emperor Jovian in 364, who had ruled for only eight months after the death of Julian.

Proclamation as Emperor

Valentinian was proclaimed Augustus by the army at Nicaea (in present-day Turkey) on February 28, 364. His selection was largely due to his military prowess and the support he garnered among the troops. Recognizing the vastness and complexity of the Roman Empire, Valentinian decided to share power with his brother Valens, appointing him as co-emperor. This decision was made to ensure more effective governance and defense of the empire’s extensive borders.

Division of the Empire

Valentinian I took control of the Western Roman Empire, while Valens was given authority over the Eastern Roman Empire. This division was not unprecedented, as previous emperors had also shared power to manage the empire’s vast territories more efficiently. Valentinian established his court in Milan, which became the administrative center of the Western Empire.

Reign and Achievements

Valentinian I’s reign was marked by several key achievements and challenges:

• Military Campaigns: Valentinian was known for his military campaigns against various barbarian tribes, including the Alemanni and the Quadi. He strengthened the empire’s frontiers, particularly along the Rhine and Danube rivers, and built a series of fortifications to protect against invasions.

• Administrative Reforms: He implemented several administrative reforms to improve the efficiency of the imperial bureaucracy and reduce corruption. Valentinian was also known for his efforts to stabilize the economy and maintain the integrity of the Roman currency.

• Religious Policy: Valentinian maintained a policy of religious tolerance, allowing both pagan and Christian practices within the empire. He avoided the religious conflicts that had plagued some of his predecessors’ reigns.

Aftermath and Legacy

Valentinian I ruled until his death in 375, after which his son, Gratian, succeeded him. His reign is often remembered for its emphasis on military strength and administrative efficiency. The division of the empire between Valentinian and Valens set a precedent for the eventual permanent division of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western halves.

Valentinian’s legacy is marked by his efforts to maintain the stability and security of the Western Roman Empire during a time of significant external pressures and internal challenges. His reign laid the groundwork for the continued existence of the Western Empire for another century, until its eventual fall in 476.