Operation Olive Branch: January 21, 2018

Operation Olive Branch was a military operation initiated by Turkey on January 21, 2018, targeting the People’s Protection Units (YPG) in the Afrin region of northern Syria. The operation was part of Turkey’s broader strategy to address concerns about the YPG’s influence along its southern border and counter the perceived threats posed by the group’s affiliations with the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), which Turkey considers a terrorist organization.

Background

The YPG is a Kurdish militia that has been a key ally of the United States in the fight against the Islamic State (ISIS) in Syria. However, Turkey perceives the YPG as an extension of the PKK, which has been engaged in a long-standing armed conflict against the Turkish government. The presence of the YPG along the Turkish border, particularly in Afrin, was seen by Turkish officials as a security threat due to its potential to foster Kurdish separatism within Turkey.

In response to these concerns, Turkey decided to take military action to prevent the consolidation of a contiguous autonomous Kurdish region spanning across Turkey’s southern frontier.

The Operation

On January 21, 2018, the Turkish Armed Forces, alongside elements of the Free Syrian Army, launched a ground and air offensive into Afrin. The operation aimed to eliminate YPG presence in the region and establish a buffer zone south of the Turkish border. The Turkish government asserted that the operation was conducted in compliance with international law, with a stated goal of protecting Turkish citizens and ensuring regional stability.

Key Events

• Military Advancements: The Turkish forces engaged in direct combat with YPG fighters, utilizing artillery, tanks, and aerial bombardments in their advance into Afrin.
• Humanitarian Concerns: The operation raised significant humanitarian concerns, with reports of civilian casualties and displacements within the Afrin district.
• International Reactions: The operation drew mixed responses internationally. NATO recognized Turkey’s right to secure its borders but urged restraint to minimize civilian harm. The United States, while allied with Turkey in NATO, also called for a focus on the continued fight against ISIS.

Aftermath and Consequences

• Control of Afrin: By March 18, 2018, Turkish and allied forces had captured the city of Afrin, marking a significant strategic victory for Turkey in the operation.
• Regional Impact: The operation altered the balance of power in northern Syria, affecting the dynamics between different factions, including Syrian government forces, Kurdish militias, and rebel groups.
• Continued Tensions: The presence of Turkish forces in Afrin and the ongoing security operations have contributed to ongoing regional tensions, particularly with Kurdish groups and their international allies.

Operation Olive Branch is significant within the context of the Syrian Civil War and regional geopolitics, highlighting the complex interplay of national security interests, alliances, and the geopolitical landscape in the Middle East.