Discovery of the Cullinan Diamond

On January 26, 1905, the world’s largest diamond, known as the Cullinan Diamond, was discovered at the Premier Mine in Pretoria, South Africa. This monumental find marked a significant moment in the history of gemology and the diamond industry.

Background

The Premier Mine, located near Pretoria, was one of the most productive diamond mines in South Africa. It was established in 1902 by Thomas Cullinan, after whom the diamond was named. The region was already known for its rich diamond deposits, contributing significantly to South Africa’s economy and global diamond trade.

The Discovery

The Cullinan Diamond was discovered by Frederick Wells, the mine’s surface manager, during a routine inspection. The massive gem was found protruding from the mine’s wall, approximately 18 feet below the surface. Weighing an astonishing 3,106 carats (about 1.37 pounds or 621.35 grams) in its rough form, the Cullinan Diamond was unparalleled in size and quality.

Characteristics

• Size: The Cullinan Diamond remains the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found.
• Color and Clarity: The diamond exhibited exceptional clarity and a blue-white hue, making it highly valuable.
• Shape: The rough diamond was roughly the size of a human fist and had a distinctive angular shape.

Cutting and Distribution

The diamond was purchased by the Transvaal government and presented to King Edward VII of the United Kingdom as a gesture of goodwill. In 1908, it was sent to the renowned Asscher Brothers in Amsterdam for cutting. The diamond was expertly cleaved into several polished gems, the largest of which are:

• Cullinan I: Also known as the “Great Star of Africa,” it weighs 530.2 carats and is set in the head of the Sovereign’s Sceptre with Cross.
• Cullinan II: Known as the “Second Star of Africa,” it weighs 317.4 carats and is set in the Imperial State Crown.

These gems are part of the British Crown Jewels and are displayed in the Tower of London.

Historical Significance

The discovery and subsequent cutting of the Cullinan Diamond had several implications:

• Economic Impact: It reinforced South Africa’s position as a leading diamond producer.
• Technological Advancements: The cutting of such a large diamond required innovative techniques, influencing future gem-cutting practices.
• Cultural Symbolism: The Cullinan Diamonds became symbols of luxury and power, enhancing the prestige of the British monarchy.

The Cullinan Diamond’s discovery remains a landmark event in the history of gemstones, illustrating the allure and mystique of diamonds that continue to captivate the world.