In History, Today on September 1

Pope Adrian IV, the only English pope in history, dies. His papacy was marked by tensions with the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa.

Lady Anne Boleyn is made Marquess of Pembroke by her fiancé, King Henry VIII of England, a significant step towards her becoming queen.

King Louis XIV of France, known as the Sun King, dies after a reign of 72 years, the longest of any major European monarch.

The Battle of Sedan begins during the Franco-Prussian War, leading to the capture of Emperor Napoleon III and the fall of the Second French Empire.

Alberta and Saskatchewan become provinces of Canada, expanding the country's confederation and shaping its western frontier.

The Great Kantō earthquake strikes the Kantō region of Japan, causing widespread destruction and loss of life in Tokyo and Yokohama.

Germany invades Poland, marking the beginning of World War II as Britain and France prepare to declare war on Germany.

The United States, Australia, and New Zealand signed the ANZUS Treaty, a mutual defense pact.

A coup in Libya led by Muammar Gaddafi overthrows King Idris I, establishing a new Libyan Arab Republic.

Korean Air Lines Flight 007 is shot down by a Soviet fighter jet after straying into Soviet airspace, escalating Cold War tensions.

Uzbekistan declares independence from the Soviet Union, marking a significant step in the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

The Beslan school siege began when armed terrorists took more than 1,100 people hostage, including 777 children, at School Number One in Beslan, North Ossetia, Russia. The siege lasted three days and ended with the deaths of over 330 people.

The United States officially ended its combat operations in Iraq, transitioning to Operation New Dawn, which focused on advising and assisting Iraqi security forces.

The European Union imposed new sanctions on Russia over its involvement in the conflict in Ukraine, targeting Russian state-owned banks, arms manufacturers, and the oil sector.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket exploded during a routine test at Cape Canaveral, Florida, destroying the rocket and its payload, the AMOS-6 satellite.

Kenya's Supreme Court annulled the results of the August 2017 presidential election, citing irregularities and illegalities, and ordered a new election to be held within 60 days.