In History, Today on October 31

Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church, marking the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

The United States and Spain signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo, also known as Pinckney's Treaty, which established intentions of friendship between the two nations and defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies.

The Battle of Beersheba took place during World War I, where the British Empire forces, including the Australian Light Horse, captured Beersheba from the Ottoman Empire, marking a significant victory in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.

Harry Houdini, the famous magician and escape artist, dies of peritonitis in Detroit, Michigan.

After 14 years of work, Mount Rushmore is completed in South Dakota.

Joseph Stalin's body is removed from Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow as part of the de-Stalinization process.

Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by her bodyguards in New Delhi.

EgyptAir Flight 990 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Massachusetts, killing all 217 people on board.

The Malaysia Airlines Flight 2133 crash occurred when the aircraft overshot the runway at Kota Kinabalu International Airport, resulting in 16 fatalities.

The United Nations declared the world population had reached seven billion people, marking a significant milestone in global demographic history.

Metrojet Flight 9268, an Airbus A321, crashed in the Sinai Peninsula after departing from Sharm El Sheikh International Airport, killing all 224 people on board. The crash was later attributed to a terrorist bomb.

A terrorist attack occurred in New York City when a man drove a rented pickup truck into cyclists and runners along the Hudson River Park's bike path, killing eight people and injuring eleven others.

The Supreme Court of Pakistan acquitted Asia Bibi, a Christian woman who had been on death row for blasphemy, sparking protests across the country.