Manifest Destiny and John L. O’Sullivan’s Article on December 12, 1845

On December 12, 1845, the concept of Manifest Destiny reached a pivotal moment with the publication of an influential article by John L. O’Sullivan, a prominent journalist and advocate for American expansionism. The article, which appeared in the December issue of the “New York Morning News,” articulated O’Sullivan’s vision for the United States’ expansion across the North American continent, coining the term “Manifest Destiny.”

Context and Key Ideas

The mid-19th century was a period of intense territorial growth and national excitement in the United States. Manifest Destiny was a belief held by many Americans that the country was destined, by God, to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent. This idea was driven by a combination of nationalistic fervor, a desire for access to natural resources, and the aspirations of settlers moving westward.

In his article, O’Sullivan argued that the United States had a divine right to expand westward, emphasizing that this expansion was not just a choice, but an inevitable and necessary mission. He asserted that it was America’s “manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.”

Impact and Significance

O’Sullivan’s articulation of Manifest Destiny played a significant role in shaping American public opinion and policy. While it bolstered support for westward expansion, it also had a profound and often devastating impact on the indigenous peoples of North America, whose lands were targeted for settlement and development.

This concept was used to justify the annexation of territories and was a contributing factor to events such as the Texas Revolution, the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), and the subsequent Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which significantly increased U.S. territory.

Aftermath and Legacy

The notion of Manifest Destiny persisted throughout the 19th century, fueling further territorial acquisitions and influencing American foreign policy. It became a foundational element of American identity, reflecting a belief in progress and exceptionalism, but also contributing to complex legacies of displacement and conflict with Native American populations, as well as international tensions.

While expert historians continue to debate its implications, the publication of O’Sullivan’s article on December 12, 1845, remains a cornerstone in understanding the motivations behind American expansion and the philosophical underpinnings of 19th-century U.S. policies.