Adoption of “The Star-Spangled Banner” as the U.S. National Anthem

On March 3, 1931, the United States officially adopted “The Star-Spangled Banner” as its national anthem by an act of Congress, signed into law by President Herbert Hoover. The song, penned by Francis Scott Key in 1814, gained wide popularity and symbolic significance over the years before its official designation.

Background

• Francis Scott Key and the War of 1812: Francis Scott Key, an attorney and amateur poet, wrote the lyrics during the War of 1812 after witnessing the British naval bombardment of Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor. He expressed his relief and patriotism upon seeing the American flag still flying after the battle.

• Melody: The lyrics were set to the tune of “To Anacreon in Heaven,” composed by John Stafford Smith, a well-known melody for social and recreational clubs in Britain.

The Path to Official Recognition

• Popularity: Despite many patriotic songs existing in America, “The Star-Spangled Banner” resonated with many due to its vivid imagery and historical context. It was frequently utilized by the military and at public events.

• Efforts for Recognition: The campaign to designate it as the official anthem gained traction in the early 20th century, primarily led by veterans’ organizations and music advocates who saw it as a unifying symbol of American identity.

• Congressional Approval: After years of lobbying, a bill was introduced by Congressman John Charles Linthicum from Maryland, the state where Key observed Fort McHenry. The bill received approval from Congress in early 1931.

Impact and Significance

• National Identity: The adoption of “The Star-Spangled Banner” served as a way to solidify a shared national identity, especially as the U.S. navigated the challenges of the Great Depression.

• Patriotic Ceremonies: Since its adoption, the anthem has been a staple at government and military functions, sporting events, and other public gatherings.

• Cultural and Political Usage: Its performance has often been a platform for both patriotic expressions and protests, reflecting its role in American cultural and political discourse.

“The Star-Spangled Banner” continues to play a significant role in American life, symbolizing resilience, patriotism, and the ongoing journey of the nation.