Swiss Confederation Adopts a New Federal Constitution

Date of Adoption

September 12, 1848

Context

The transformation of Switzerland from a loose confederation to a federal state was a pivotal moment in its history. The Swiss Confederation, prior to 1848, operated under a loose and decentralized structure governed by the Federal Treaty of 1815. This led to inefficiencies and internal divisions, particularly between the conservative Catholic and liberal Protestant cantons.

Events Leading to the Change

In the late 1840s, tensions among the cantons culminated in a civil conflict known as the Sonderbund War, which occurred in November 1847. The special alliance or Sonderbund was formed by seven Catholic cantons to protect their interests against the centralizing reforms advocated by the other cantons. This short conflict saw the defeat of the Sonderbund forces by the federal forces led by General Guillaume-Henri Dufour, emphasizing the need for a unified and modern governmental structure.

Adoption of the Federal Constitution

Following the Sonderbund conflict, a constitutional assembly was convened to draft a new constitution. On September 12, 1848, Switzerland adopted a new federal constitution, which was a radical departure from the previous structures. This constitution:

• Established a bicameral federal legislature consisting of the National Council and the Council of States.
• Strengthened the federal authority while preserving the autonomy of the cantons for local matters.
• Introduced a system that balanced the previously competing interests of centralized power with canton independence.
• Laid the foundation for direct democracy by establishing federal citizenship and federal laws applicable to all Swiss citizens.

Effects and Aftermath

The adoption of the 1848 constitution marked the transformation of Switzerland into a federal state. The new system fostered internal cohesion and political stability, allowing Switzerland to progress economically and socially. It established frameworks that paved the way for enduring peace and has been the basis for subsequent modifications adapted to modern needs.

The federal constitution of 1848 remains a cornerstone of Swiss governance, reflecting a successful blend of unity and diversity that has characterized Switzerland for over a century.