The Signing of the Scottish National Covenant - February 28, 1638

On February 28, 1638, a significant event in Scottish history unfolded with the signing of the Scottish National Covenant in Edinburgh. This document was a critical assertion of Scottish Presbyterianism and a bold resistance against the imposition of Anglican practices by King Charles I.

Historical Context

In the early 17th century, King Charles I sought to unify religious practices across his kingdoms, including England and Scotland. His attempts to impose the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on the Scottish Church met with widespread resistance. The Scots, who had embraced Presbyterianism—a form of Protestantism that emphasized a church governed by elders rather than bishops—viewed this as an infringement on their religious and national identity.

The Covenant’s Creation

The National Covenant was drafted by Presbyterian leaders, including Archibald Johnston of Wariston and Alexander Henderson. It was a response to the King’s religious policies and was intended to affirm the Scots’ commitment to their religious traditions. The document combined a declaration of loyalty to the King with a firm rejection of any religious innovations that contradicted Presbyterian beliefs.

Key Provisions

• Religious Assertion: The Covenant reaffirmed the Scots’ adherence to the Confession of Faith of 1580, rejecting any changes to their religious practices that were not sanctioned by their church.
• Political Implications: While professing loyalty to the King, the Covenant implicitly challenged his authority by asserting the right of the Scottish Church to govern itself without interference.
• Mass Support: The Covenant was signed by thousands of Scots, including nobles, clergy, and common people, reflecting widespread support for its principles.

Immediate Consequences

The signing of the Covenant marked the beginning of a period of conflict known as the Bishops’ Wars (1639-1640), as tensions between the Covenanters and the King escalated. These conflicts were part of the larger series of events that led to the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which included the English Civil War.

Broader Historical Significance

• Religious Freedom: The Covenant was a landmark in the struggle for religious self-determination in Scotland, setting a precedent for resistance against external religious control.
• Political Autonomy: It highlighted the growing desire for political autonomy in Scotland, contributing to the complex relationship between Scotland and the English crown.
• Legacy: The National Covenant remains a symbol of Scottish identity and resistance, influencing subsequent movements for religious and political reform.

The signing of the Scottish National Covenant was a pivotal moment in the history of Scotland, reflecting the deep-seated commitment of the Scots to their religious and national identity and setting the stage for future conflicts and transformations in the British Isles.