Subdivision of the British Crown Colony of New York into Counties - November 1, 1683

On November 1, 1683, the British crown colony of New York underwent a significant administrative reorganization. Governor Thomas Dongan, appointed by King Charles II, implemented a new colonial structure that divided the territory into 12 distinct counties. This change marked a pivotal moment in the establishment of local government and laid down a substantial part of the administrative framework for the region that endures to this day.

Context and Background

• Colonial Administration: Prior to this division, the governance of New York was less formally organized. The establishment of counties was part of a broader initiative to improve administrative efficiency and local governance.

• Dongan’s Role: As Governor, Thomas Dongan was instrumental in shaping the colonial government’s structure, including the integration of what was then Dutch New Netherland into a coherent English colony.

Established Counties

The twelve counties created were:

1. New York: Encompassing Manhattan and various nearby areas, it became the locus of administrative activity.
2. Westchester: Covering the area north of New York City.
3. Ulster: Located in the western part of the colony, in the Hudson Valley region.
4. Suffolk: Covering the eastern part of Long Island.
5. Richmond: Encompassing Staten Island.
6. Queens: Covering the western and central parts of Long Island.
7. Orange: An inland area to the north of New York City.
8. Kings: Covering the area that is now Brooklyn.
9. Kings: Serving areas predominantly on Long Island and part of modern-day Nassau County.
10. Duchess: Covering an area further up the Hudson Valley.
11. Dutchess: Spanning a large area in the southeastern part of the colony.
12. Albany: Encompassing a vast area in the northern part of the colony, including land that would become part of Vermont.

Significance and Consequences

• Governance and Administration: This division allowed for more localized governance and jurisdictional clarity, aiding law enforcement and tax collection, while also promoting the development of local political institutions.

• Lasting Impact: Many of these counties still exist today, albeit with some alterations and divisions, reflecting the enduring legacy of this early administrative subdivision.

• Colonial Stability: The structured governance helped stabilize the colony under English control, following its transition from Dutch rule, thus reinforcing English legal and political norms.

This reorganization was a key step in the evolution of New York’s governmental landscape, setting a standard for future administrative structures in American colonies.