The Marriage of Mary II and William of Orange

On November 4, 1677, a significant matrimonial alliance took place between Mary, the future Mary II of England, and William of Orange. This union would later play a pivotal role in the political landscape of England, culminating in their joint rule during the Glorious Revolution.

Context and Background

Mary II of England

Mary was the daughter of James, Duke of York, who later became King James II of England. Born on April 30, 1662, she was a Protestant, which was a crucial factor in the political and religious dynamics of the time, as England was deeply divided between Protestant and Catholic factions.

William of Orange

William, born on November 4, 1650, was the Prince of Orange and a staunch Protestant leader in the Dutch Republic. He was a key figure in the European opposition against the expansionist policies of Catholic France under Louis XIV.

The Marriage

The marriage between Mary and William was not merely a personal union but a strategic alliance orchestrated to strengthen Protestant ties across Europe. The wedding took place at St. James’s Palace in London, and it was attended by numerous dignitaries and members of the English court.

Political Implications

• Protestant Alliance: The marriage was intended to solidify the Protestant front against Catholic powers, particularly in light of the growing influence of Catholicism in England under Mary’s father, James II.
• Succession Concerns: At the time of their marriage, Mary was second in line to the English throne after her father, which made the union politically significant for those who feared a Catholic succession.

The Glorious Revolution

The marriage set the stage for the Glorious Revolution of 1688. When James II’s policies and Catholic sympathies alienated many of his subjects, William and Mary were invited by English nobles to take the throne. William’s landing in England with a Dutch fleet and army led to James II fleeing to France, effectively abdicating the throne.

Joint Rule

• Coronation: William and Mary were crowned as joint sovereigns, William III and Mary II, on April 11, 1689.
• Constitutional Impact: Their reign marked the beginning of a constitutional monarchy in England, with the establishment of the Bill of Rights in 1689, which limited the powers of the monarchy and laid the foundation for a parliamentary democracy.

Aftermath and Significance

The marriage of Mary and William and their subsequent rule had lasting impacts on the British Isles and beyond:

• Religious Tolerance: Their reign promoted Protestantism and religious tolerance, although it also led to increased tensions in Ireland and Scotland.
• Political Stability: The Glorious Revolution is often seen as a turning point that ensured the supremacy of Parliament over the monarchy, influencing future democratic developments in Britain and other parts of the world.

In summary, the marriage of Mary II and William of Orange was a cornerstone event that not only shaped the future of the British monarchy but also had profound implications for the political and religious landscape of Europe.