In History, Today on September 7

Queen Elizabeth II broke the record for the longest-reigning British monarch, surpassing the record previously held by her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria.

El Salvador becomes the first country in the world to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender, a controversial move that sparks global debate about the future of cryptocurrency.

A powerful 8.2 magnitude earthquake strikes off the southern coast of Mexico, the strongest to hit the country in a century, resulting in significant casualties and damage.

Guatemala's President Otto Pérez Molina resigned amid a corruption scandal involving a customs fraud ring, known as La Línea, and was arrested the following day.

The International Olympic Committee awards Tokyo the right to host the 2020 Summer Olympics, marking the second time the city will host the games.

A magnitude 7.1 earthquake strikes the South Island of New Zealand, causing significant damage in the city of Christchurch and leading to a series of aftershocks.

Egypt holds its first multi-candidate presidential election, marking a significant political development in the country's history, although the election process faced criticism for lack of fairness.

Hurricane Ivan, a Category 5 hurricane, makes landfall in Grenada, causing widespread destruction and leading to significant loss of life and property damage.

The Torrijos-Carter Treaties were signed, guaranteeing Panama control over the Panama Canal after 1999.

The Pro Football Hall of Fame was dedicated and opened in Canton, Ohio.

Nikita Khrushchev was appointed the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

The Blitz began as Nazi Germany started a sustained bombing campaign against London during World War II.

The Boxer Rebellion in China officially ended with the signing of the Boxer Protocol.

Infamous outlaw Jesse James and his gang attempt to rob the First National Bank of Northfield, Minnesota, but are stopped by armed citizens, resulting in the Northfield Raid.

The S.S. Great Eastern, a massive iron sailing steamship designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, begins her maiden voyage.

The Mountain Meadows massacre begins in Utah, where a group of Mormon settlers and Paiute Native Americans attack an immigrant wagon train.

Brazil declared its independence from Portugal, marking the beginning of the Empire of Brazil.

The first human-powered flight by Jacob Degen took place in Vienna, using an ornithopter, a type of aircraft that flies by flapping its wings, constructed by Degen.

The Battle of Borodino was fought between Napoleon's Grande Armée and the Russian army, one of the bloodiest battles of the Napoleonic Wars.

The world's first submarine attack took place during the American Revolutionary War, when the American submersible Turtle attempted to attach a time bomb to the hull of HMS Eagle.

The Treaty of The Hague is signed by England, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Dutch Republic, establishing the Grand Alliance against France.

Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, arrested for alleged conspiracy against Queen Elizabeth I.

Elizabeth I of England was born, who would later become one of the most significant monarchs in English history.

The Treaty of Neuberg was signed, dividing the Habsburg lands between Albert III and Leopold III.

The Capture of the Pope, known as the Outrage of Anagni, took place when French forces, led by Guillaume de Nogaret, arrested Pope Boniface VIII in Anagni, Italy.

The Battle of Arsuf took place during the Third Crusade, where Richard I of England defeated Saladin's forces.

The Treaty of Wedmore was signed, marking the end of the Viking invasions of England and establishing the Danelaw.

The Romans, led by the future Emperor Titus, captured and destroyed Jerusalem during the First Jewish–Roman War. This significant event resulted in the destruction of the Second Temple and marked a pivotal shift in Jewish history.