In History, Today on September 13

The Treaty of Jaffa was signed between Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt, ending the Sixth Crusade and allowing Christians to regain control of Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem.

Michelangelo began work on his statue of David, which would become one of the most famous sculptures in the world.

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham took place during the Seven Years' War, leading to the British capture of Quebec City from the French.

The United States' Constitutional Convention set the date for the first presidential election and declared the Constitution to be in effect once ratified by nine states.

Francis Scott Key wrote the poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry," which later became the lyrics to "The Star-Spangled Banner," the national anthem of the United States.

Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived a severe brain injury when an iron rod was accidentally driven through his skull, leading to significant changes in his personality and contributing to the study of neuroscience.

Henry Bliss became the first person in the United States to be killed in an automobile accident.

Deputy Prime Minister of India, Vallabhbhai Patel, ordered the Indian Army to move into Hyderabad, leading to the annexation of the princely state into the Indian Union.

The Attica Prison riot in New York ended after four days when state police stormed the facility, resulting in the deaths of 43 people, including 10 hostages.

The Oslo Accords were signed at the White House, marking the first face-to-face agreement between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the United States government grounded all civilian aircraft traffic for the first time in U.S. history, allowing only military and emergency flights.

The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which outlines the rights of indigenous peoples globally.

Hurricane Ike made landfall in Texas, causing widespread damage and power outages, and resulting in significant loss of life and property.

The Costa Concordia cruise ship was successfully righted after a complex salvage operation. The ship had capsized off the coast of Italy in January 2012, resulting in the deaths of 32 people.

Jeremy Corbyn was elected leader of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom, marking a significant shift to the left in the party's policies.

The Cassini spacecraft, a joint mission by NASA, ESA, and ASI, ended its 20-year mission by plunging into Saturn's atmosphere, providing valuable data until the very end.

The gas explosions in the Merrimack Valley, Massachusetts, occurred, affecting the towns of Lawrence, Andover, and North Andover, leading to one death and extensive property damage.

SpaceX launched the Inspiration4 mission, the first all-civilian spaceflight, marking a significant milestone in commercial space travel.