In History, Today on September 12

The European Parliament voted to trigger Article 7 against Hungary, citing concerns about breaches of the EU's core values, including the rule of law, democracy, and human rights. This was a significant move in the EU's efforts to address issues within member states.

Jeremy Corbyn was elected leader of the UK Labour Party, marking a significant shift to the left in the party's policies and leadership.

The International Olympic Committee awarded the 2020 Summer Olympics to Tokyo, Japan.

The United States commemorated the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks with memorials and ceremonies across the country.

Pope Benedict XVI delivers a controversial lecture at the University of Regensburg in Germany. The lecture includes a quotation from a 14th-century text that critics claim was offensive to Islam, sparking protests in the Muslim world and leading to clarifications and apologies from the Vatican.

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reported that Iran had resumed uranium conversion activities, heightening tensions over its nuclear program. This development led to increased international scrutiny and negotiations over Iran's nuclear ambitions.

The United Nations lifted sanctions against Libya after it accepted responsibility for the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, and agreed to pay compensation to the victims' families.

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the United States and the world began to grapple with the implications of the terrorist acts. The U.S. government initiated a series of responses, including the launch of the War on Terror and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security.

Dr. Mae Jemison becomes the first African American woman in space aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour.

The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, also known as the Two Plus Four Agreement, was signed, paving the way for German reunification.

Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia was deposed in a coup d'état, ending his reign and leading to the establishment of a Marxist-Leninist government.

President John F. Kennedy delivered his famous "We choose to go to the Moon" speech at Rice University, outlining the United States' intention to land a man on the Moon before the end of the decade.

The Soviet Union launches Luna 2, the first spacecraft to reach the Moon.

The United States Supreme Court ordered the integration of Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas, enforcing the Brown v. Board of Education decision.

John F. Kennedy married Jacqueline Bouvier in a ceremony held at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island.

The Battle of Edson's Ridge, part of the Guadalcanal Campaign in World War II, began as Japanese forces attacked U.S. Marines positioned on a strategic ridge.

The Lascaux Caves were discovered in France, containing some of the most famous examples of prehistoric cave paintings.

Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 8, also known as the 'Symphony of a Thousand,' premiered in Munich.

Tirupati, a city sacred to Hindus in India, was annexed to the Madras Presidency under British rule, transforming it from the control of a local pontiff.

The Treaty of Sukhumi was signed between the Russian Empire and the Principality of Abkhazia, effectively making Abkhazia part of the Russian Empire.

The SS Central America, a steamship carrying over 400 passengers and large quantities of gold from the California Gold Rush, sank off the coast of the Carolinas during a hurricane.

Switzerland adopted its first federal constitution, which established the country as a federal state, marking a significant step in its political development.

Elizabeth Barrett eloped with Robert Browning.

The initial meeting of the Berlin Academy of Sciences' reestablished section on natural philosophy took place.

The Battle of Seringapatam in India marks a British East India Company's significant victory over Tipu Sultan, which led to the eventual fall of Mysore Kingdom.

Lord Cornwallis is appointed as the Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief of British India, signaling a new era in British imperial administration in India.

The Battle of Vienna takes place, marking a turning point in the Ottoman-Habsburg wars.

King Charles I of England issues a proclamation against his subjects settling in Virginia without a license. This was part of the broader context of English colonization and control over the American colonies.

Henry Hudson began his exploration of the river that would later be named after him, the Hudson River, during his search for a Northwest Passage.

The Treaty of Cambrai, also known as the Ladies' Peace, was signed, ending the war between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, over the Duchy of Burgundy.

The Battle of Muret took place, where the forces of Simon de Montfort defeated the Crown of Aragon and the County of Toulouse, marking a significant event in the Albigensian Crusade.

The Battle of Marathon took place, where the Athenians and their Plataean allies defeated the first Persian invasion of Greece.