In History, Today on July 11

Protests erupted across Cuba as thousands of people took to the streets to demonstrate against the government, driven by economic hardship, food shortages, and the government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic.

China reaches a significant milestone in space exploration by launching the Tianwen-1 mission to Mars, marking its first independent mission to the red planet.

Rogue planets, free-floating and not orbiting any star, are identified by astrophysicists using a new technique with data from the OGLE and KMTNet surveys, expanding the understanding of planetary formation.

The NATO summit was held in Brussels, Belgium, where U.S. President Donald Trump criticized other member countries for not meeting defense spending commitments, leading to discussions on the future of the alliance and its financial obligations.

Mexican drug lord Joaquín 'El Chapo' Guzmán escaped from a maximum-security prison in Mexico through a tunnel, marking his second escape from prison. He was recaptured in January 2016.

A high-speed train derails in Brétigny-sur-Orge, France, resulting in seven deaths and injuries to dozens of passengers. This incident prompts investigations into railway safety.

The United Nations declared a famine in parts of southern Somalia, the first time a famine had been declared in the region in nearly 30 years. The famine was caused by a severe drought, compounded by conflict and restricted humanitarian access.

The FIFA World Cup final took place in Johannesburg, South Africa, where Spain defeated the Netherlands 1-0 to win their first World Cup title. The only goal was scored by Andrés Iniesta during extra time.

Oil reached a record high price of $147.27 per barrel, raising concerns over the global economy and prompting discussions on sustainable energy alternatives.

A series of coordinated bomb attacks struck commuter trains in Mumbai, India, killing 209 people and injuring over 700. The attacks were carried out by seven bombs that exploded over a period of 11 minutes during the evening rush hour.

The United Nations Security Council approved a resolution lifting sanctions against Liberia but maintaining an arms embargo and asset freeze until the country stabilizes.

The Srebrenica massacre began during the Bosnian War, where more than 8,000 Bosniak men and boys were killed by units of the Army of Republika Srpska.

The Oka Crisis, a land dispute between the Mohawk people and the town of Oka, Quebec, over a proposed golf course expansion into a sacred burial ground, escalated into a 78-day standoff following police intervention.

The abandoned U.S. space station Skylab re-entered Earth's atmosphere and disintegrated, with debris falling over the Indian Ocean and sparsely populated areas of Western Australia.

Martin Luther King Jr. was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Jimmy Carter. This award honored the civil rights leader's dedication to fighting racial inequality through nonviolent means.

To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel by Harper Lee, was published and would become a classic of modern American literature, addressing issues of race and justice in the Deep South.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces that he will run for a fourth term as President of the United States.

Eric Liddell wins the gold medal in the 400 meters event at the Paris Olympics.

Former U.S. President William Howard Taft was sworn in as the Chief Justice of the United States, becoming the only person to have served in both offices.

The first cultured pearl was created by Kokichi Mikimoto in Japan, revolutionizing the pearl industry.

Alexander Hamilton was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr, the sitting Vice President of the United States, in Weehawken, New Jersey.

The United States Marine Corps was officially reestablished by an act of Congress in the United States.

Jacques Necker, the finance minister of France, was dismissed by King Louis XVI, an event that escalated tensions leading to the French Revolution.

The Battle of the Boyne took place, where forces of the deposed King James II of England were defeated by the army of William III of England.

The city of Antwerp was besieged by Spanish forces led by Don Fadrique during the Eighty Years' War, known as the Sack of Antwerp.

Pope Clement VII excommunicated King Henry VIII of England for his marriage to Anne Boleyn, which was a pivotal moment in the English Reformation.

The Battle of the Golden Spurs, also known as the Battle of Courtrai, took place near the city of Kortrijk, Belgium. Flemish forces, consisting of militias from the county of Flanders, decisively defeated the French army.

Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo, which granted the Vikings land in exchange for protection and conversion to Christianity, leading to the establishment of Normandy.

After a siege, the Roman general Ricimer captures Rome and installs Olybrius as the Western Roman Emperor.