In History, Today on July 11

Pope Clement VII excommunicated King Henry VIII of England for his marriage to Anne Boleyn, which was a pivotal moment in the English Reformation.

Jacques Necker, the finance minister of France, was dismissed by King Louis XVI, an event that escalated tensions leading to the French Revolution.

Alexander Hamilton was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr, the sitting Vice President of the United States, in Weehawken, New Jersey.

The first cultured pearl was created by Kokichi Mikimoto in Japan, revolutionizing the pearl industry.

Former U.S. President William Howard Taft was sworn in as the Chief Justice of the United States, becoming the only person to have served in both offices.

The abandoned U.S. space station Skylab re-entered Earth's atmosphere and disintegrated, with debris falling over the Indian Ocean and sparsely populated areas of Western Australia.

The Srebrenica massacre began during the Bosnian War, where more than 8,000 Bosniak men and boys were killed by units of the Army of Republika Srpska.

A series of coordinated bomb attacks struck commuter trains in Mumbai, India, killing 209 people and injuring over 700. The attacks were carried out by seven bombs that exploded over a period of 11 minutes during the evening rush hour.

The FIFA World Cup final took place in Johannesburg, South Africa, where Spain defeated the Netherlands 1-0 to win their first World Cup title. The only goal was scored by Andrés Iniesta during extra time.

The United Nations declared a famine in parts of southern Somalia, the first time a famine had been declared in the region in nearly 30 years. The famine was caused by a severe drought, compounded by conflict and restricted humanitarian access.

Mexican drug lord Joaquín 'El Chapo' Guzmán escaped from a maximum-security prison in Mexico through a tunnel, marking his second escape from prison. He was recaptured in January 2016.

The NATO summit was held in Brussels, Belgium, where U.S. President Donald Trump criticized other member countries for not meeting defense spending commitments, leading to discussions on the future of the alliance and its financial obligations.

Protests erupted across Cuba as thousands of people took to the streets to demonstrate against the government, driven by economic hardship, food shortages, and the government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic.