In History, Today on November 20

The 2022 FIFA World Cup kicked off in Qatar, marking the first time the tournament was held in the Middle East.

Four astronauts returned safely to Earth aboard SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft after spending nearly 200 days in space as part of NASA's Crew-2 mission.

Pfizer and BioNTech submitted an application to the U.S. FDA for Emergency Use Authorization of their COVID-19 vaccine.

The US House of Representatives held the first public impeachment hearings against President Donald Trump, focusing on his dealings with Ukraine.

Carlos Ghosn, chairman of Nissan, is arrested in Japan on charges of financial misconduct, including under-reporting his income and misuse of company assets.

The Dakota Access Pipeline protests intensified as law enforcement used water cannons on protesters in freezing temperatures at the Standing Rock Indian Reservation.

Mali hotel attack: Gunmen took 170 hostages at the Radisson Blu hotel in Bamako, Mali, resulting in the deaths of 20 people. The attack was claimed by the militant group Al-Mourabitoun.

Iran agrees to nuclear deal terms with the P5+1 in Geneva, marking a significant breakthrough in ongoing negotiations to limit its nuclear capabilities in exchange for relief from economic sanctions.

Spain's general election results in the People's Party, led by Mariano Rajoy, winning a majority, which leads to a conservative government amid the eurozone crisis.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN successfully circulated two beams simultaneously for the first time, marking a significant milestone in particle physics.

Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori pleaded guilty to charges of ordering an illegal search in an effort to recover compromising videotapes in 2000. He was sentenced to six years in prison for abuse of power, which was part of a series of legal battles for human rights abuses and corruption.

Michael Jackson was arrested on charges of child molestation. The case gained significant media attention and led to a highly publicized trial.

The first module of the International Space Station (ISS), Zarya, was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. This marked the beginning of the construction of the ISS, a collaborative project involving multiple countries and space agencies.

Microsoft Corporation released the first version of Windows, Windows 1.0, marking a significant milestone in personal computing by introducing a graphical user interface to the MS-DOS operating system.

Grand Mosque seizure: About 200 Sunni Muslim insurgents seize the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, taking hostages and causing a two-week siege.

The United States Justice Department filed an anti-trust suit against AT&T.

The occupation of Alcatraz Island by the group Indians of All Tribes begins, lasting for 19 months.

The Cuban Missile Crisis officially ended when Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba, and the United States, led by President John F. Kennedy, agreed to remove American missiles from Turkey, thus averting a potential nuclear conflict.

The United Nations adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child.

Princess Elizabeth, the future Queen Elizabeth II, married Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh, at Westminster Abbey in London. The wedding was a significant post-war event, symbolizing hope and renewal for the British people.

The Nuremberg Trials began, marking the first time in history that an international tribunal was used to prosecute war crimes. Twenty-four high-ranking Nazi officials were put on trial for crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other offenses committed during World War II.

Hungary joins the Axis Powers by signing the Tripartite Pact, aligning itself with Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

The Battle of Cambrai begins during World War I, marking the first large-scale use of tanks in combat by British forces.

Francisco I. Madero issues the Plan de San Luis Potosí, urging Mexicans to rise up against the presidency of Porfirio Díaz, which marks the start of the Mexican Revolution.

The International Meridian Conference time zone system, including the standardization of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), is formally adopted by the United States.

The first jukebox goes into operation at the Palais Royale Saloon in San Francisco.

The start of the Routes des Colonies, a significant sporting event in sailing, marking the trans-Atlantic race from France to the Caribbean.

Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata, as part of the ongoing conflicts between Argentina and Uruguay, leading to naval engagements such as the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado in which Argentine forces faced Anglo-French forces.

An 80-ton sperm whale attacks and sinks the Essex, a whaling ship from Nantucket, Massachusetts, an event that inspired Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick.

New Jersey becomes the first U.S. state to ratify the Bill of Rights.

The Battle of Quiberon Bay, part of the Seven Years' War, was fought. The British Royal Navy, under Sir Edward Hawke, defeated the French fleet, ensuring British naval dominance.

Zumbi, the leader of the Quilombo dos Palmares, was killed. Zumbi was a prominent leader of the resistance to slavery in colonial Brazil and is remembered as a symbol of Black resistance.

After its capture by Spanish conquistadors, King Dauphin of the Inca Empire and his court were executed by Francisco Pizarro in Jaén, Peru.

John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, had Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans, assassinated in Paris, sparking a civil war in France.

The siege of Zutphen ends as its defenders, loyal to Albert I, Duke of Bavaria, surrender to the forces of the Duchy of Guelders.

Edward I becomes King of England, although he is not crowned until August 19, 1274.

During the An Lushan Rebellion, the Tang dynasty recaptures Luoyang from the rebels.

Diocletian is proclaimed Roman Emperor by his soldiers after the death of the Emperor Carus.