In History, Today on October 27

Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam, Netherlands, marked by the granting of city rights.

Michael Servetus, a Spanish physician and theologian, was burned at the stake for heresy and blasphemy in Geneva.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was founded by William Penn.

The United States and Spain signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo, also known as Pinckney's Treaty, establishing intentions of friendship between the two nations.

The first underground New York City Subway line opened, running from City Hall to 145th Street.

The British battleship HMS Audacious was sunk by a mine off the coast of Ireland during World War I.

The first Saturn I rocket was successfully launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, marking a significant step in the U.S. space program.

Cuban Missile Crisis: A U.S. U-2 reconnaissance plane is shot down over Cuba, escalating tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo was renamed Zaire by President Mobutu Sese Seko.

The Soviet submarine S-363 ran aground on the east coast of Sweden.

Turkmenistan declared its independence from the Soviet Union.

The Boston Red Sox win the World Series, ending an 86-year championship drought known as the 'Curse of the Bambino.'

Catalonia declared independence from Spain following a controversial referendum, leading to a political crisis.

A mass shooting occurs at the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh, resulting in 11 deaths and six injuries, marking it as one of the deadliest attacks on the Jewish community in the United States.