The Treaty of Schönbrunn (1809)

On October 14, 1809, the Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria, concluding the War of the Fifth Coalition. This treaty, also known as the Treaty of Vienna, marked one of the most significant diplomatic and territorial rearrangements imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte during his conquests.

Historical Context

The War of the Fifth Coalition (April 1809 - October 1809) was part of the broader Napoleonic Wars, where Austria, allied with Great Britain, launched a campaign against Napoleonic France. Despite initial successes, the Austrians were ultimately defeated by Napoleon’s forces, most notably at the Battle of Wagram in July 1809.

Terms of the Treaty

The Treaty of Schönbrunn imposed severe terms on Austria:

• Territorial Losses: Austria ceded significant territories to France and its allies. Salzburg and portions of Upper Austria were ceded to the Bavarian kingdom, increasing its influence in German territories. The Illyrian Provinces, comprising parts of modern-day Slovenia, Croatia, and northeastern Italy, were transferred directly to France, expanding French influence in the Adriatic.

• Recognition of French Dominance: Austria was forced to recognize the French puppet state of the Confederation of the Rhine, consolidating France’s control over the German states.

• Military Restrictions: Austria’s army size was drastically reduced, limiting its ability to challenge French dominance in the future.

• Economic Impacts: Austria was subjected to economic penalties, including significant war indemnities and trade concessions that favored France, further weakening its economic position.

Consequences

The treaty significantly diminished Austria’s influence in Europe, stripping it of key territories and weakening its power. However, the harsh terms and national humiliation contributed to growing resentment towards France, which played a crucial role in the eventual resurgence of anti-Napoleonic coalitions.

Broader Significance

The Treaty of Schönbrunn exemplified Napoleon’s strategic diplomatic measures post-military victories, embedding French influence across Continental Europe. However, it also sowed the seeds for future uprisings and discontent among the subjugated states, foreshadowing the eventual decline of Napoleonic hegemony in Europe.