The United Kingdom’s First Application to the EEC: October 8, 1961

On October 8, 1961, the United Kingdom formally applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), marking a significant moment in post-war European history. This application was a pivotal step in the UK’s complex relationship with European integration.

Context and Background

The EEC, established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957, was created to foster economic cooperation among its six founding members: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. The UK, initially hesitant to join, had opted to form the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1960 with other non-EEC countries like Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland.

Several factors influenced the UK’s decision to seek EEC membership:

1. Economic Considerations: The UK faced economic challenges, including slower growth compared to EEC countries. Membership promised access to a larger market and potential economic benefits.

2. Political Influence: Joining the EEC was seen as a way to maintain influence in European affairs and counterbalance the growing power of the EEC bloc.

3. Global Positioning: The decline of the British Empire and the changing global economic landscape prompted the UK to reconsider its international alliances.

The Application Process

The application was submitted under the government of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. The UK sought to negotiate terms that would accommodate its existing trade relationships, particularly with Commonwealth countries.

Challenges and Rejection

The UK’s application faced significant obstacles, primarily from French President Charles de Gaulle. De Gaulle was skeptical of British intentions and feared that UK membership would lead to American influence within the EEC. He also had concerns about the UK’s commitment to European integration.

In January 1963, de Gaulle famously vetoed the UK’s application, citing these concerns. This rejection was a major setback for the UK and highlighted the complexities of European politics.

Aftermath and Historical Significance

The UK’s initial application and subsequent rejection had lasting implications:

• Continued Efforts: The UK would apply again in 1967, facing another veto from de Gaulle, before finally succeeding in 1973 under Prime Minister Edward Heath.

• European Relations: The event underscored the challenges of balancing national interests with broader European integration efforts.

• Legacy: The UK’s eventual membership and later departure from the EU (Brexit) in 2020 can trace roots back to these early interactions with the EEC.

The 1961 application was a crucial moment in the UK’s journey towards European integration, reflecting broader themes of economic necessity, political strategy, and the evolving nature of international alliances in the post-war era.