Recognition of the First Bulgarian Empire: The Treaty of 681

On August 9, 681, a pivotal moment in Balkan history occurred with the official recognition of the First Bulgarian Empire by the Byzantine Empire. This recognition came through the signing of a peace treaty, marking Bulgaria’s emergence as a significant power in the region.

Historical Context

The First Bulgarian Empire was founded by Khan Asparuh, a leader of the Bulgars, a semi-nomadic people of Turkic origin. In the late 7th century, Asparuh led his people across the Danube River into the Balkans, taking advantage of the weakened state of the Byzantine Empire, which was embroiled in internal strife and external threats.

Key Events Leading to the Treaty

1. Migration and Settlement: Around 680, Asparuh and his followers settled in the region south of the Danube, in what is now northeastern Bulgaria. This area was strategically important, providing a base for further expansion.

2. Conflict with Byzantium: The Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV attempted to expel the Bulgars, but his military campaign ended in failure. The Byzantines were unable to decisively defeat Asparuh’s forces, leading to a stalemate.

3. Negotiations and Treaty: Recognizing the futility of continued conflict, the Byzantines entered into negotiations with Asparuh. The resulting treaty, signed in 681, acknowledged the sovereignty of the Bulgarian state and required the Byzantines to pay tribute to the Bulgars.

Significance of the Treaty

• Establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire: The treaty marked the formal establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire, with its capital at Pliska. This recognition by Byzantium was crucial for the legitimacy and stability of the new state.

• Shift in Regional Power Dynamics: The treaty signified a shift in the balance of power in the Balkans. Bulgaria emerged as a formidable force, capable of challenging Byzantine influence in the region.

• Cultural and Political Impact: The establishment of the Bulgarian state laid the groundwork for the development of a distinct Bulgarian identity, which would play a significant role in the cultural and political landscape of medieval Europe.

Aftermath and Consequences

The recognition of Bulgaria had long-lasting effects on the region. Over the following centuries, the First Bulgarian Empire expanded its territory and influence, becoming a major center of Slavic culture and Orthodox Christianity. The relationship between Bulgaria and Byzantium would continue to be characterized by both conflict and cooperation, shaping the history of Southeast Europe.

In summary, the treaty of 681 was a landmark event that not only established Bulgaria as a significant power but also set the stage for the complex interplay of cultures and empires in the Balkans for centuries to come.