Italian Constitutional Referendum of June 2, 1946

On June 2, 1946, Italy held one of the most crucial referendums in its history, marking a significant turning point in the nation’s political landscape. This referendum asked the Italian public to choose between maintaining the monarchy under the House of Savoy or establishing a republic. The result not only decided Italy’s institutional future but also came in the aftermath of World War II, during a period of profound social and political change.

Historical Context

Prior to the referendum, Italy was a monarchy under King Umberto II. The nation had suffered severe devastation during World War II, and the monarchy’s association with the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini contributed to a loss of support among the public. The Italian Resistance, a movement opposing fascist rule, had gained significant traction, advocating for democratic governance and a republic.

The Referendum

The vote occurred on June 2 and 3, 1946, but June 2 is officially recognized as the date of the referendum. This was the first time women in Italy were allowed to vote in a national election, highlighting a broader push towards modernization and equality. The question posed to voters essentially required choosing between preserving the monarchy or establishing a republic.

Outcomes

• Approximately 12,717,923 votes (around 54.3%) were in favor of establishing a republic.
• About 10,719,284 votes (approximately 45.7%) supported retaining the monarchy.

The clear majority chose to abolish the monarchy. Consequently, King Umberto II was forced to abdicate his throne. He left the country and spent the remainder of his life in exile, primarily in Portugal.

Aftermath

The decision to transition to a republic was pivotal for Italy. It led to the drafting of a new constitution, which took effect on January 1, 1948. This constitution laid the foundation for Italy’s current parliamentary system. The referendum not only marked the end of over 85 years of monarchical rule in Italy but also aligned the nation more closely with post-war democratic ideals emerging across Europe.

Significance

This event signified a dramatic shift in Italy’s identity and governance, reflecting broad socio-political changes after the fall of fascism. The establishment of the Italian Republic marked a new era, characterized by democratic principles and an emphasis on rebuilding and modernizing the Italian state and economy. It remains a defining moment in Italian history, celebrated annually as Republic Day (Festa della Repubblica) in Italy.