The Divine Wind Festival (Toshigami Matsuri) Instituted by Emperor Tenmu

On February 20, 675, Emperor Tenmu of Japan instituted the Divine Wind Festival, known locally as the Toshigami Matsuri. This event was intended to honor the deities, specifically those believed to influence the winds and weather, to ensure good fortune and prosperity for the upcoming year.

Historical Context

Emperor Tenmu ascended to the throne in 673 after a tumultuous succession struggle known as the Jinshin War. He was instrumental in consolidating power and establishing reforms to strengthen the central authority. Part of his strategy included the reinforcement of state Shinto practices, which tied political authority with religious piety.

The Divine Wind Festival

The Toshigami Matsuri was introduced as part of Emperor Tenmu’s broader effort to centralize religious rites and integrate them into the official state framework. The festival was not only a spiritual ceremony but also a political tool to bind the populace and nobility in shared cultural and religious observance.

Objectives of the Festival

• Divine Favor: The primary focus was on appealing to the gods for favorable winds, which were crucial for both agriculture and maritime activities.
• Community Cohesion: By instituting a festival that involved various regions and communities, Emperor Tenmu sought to unify the Japanese people under common practices.
• State Legitimization: The festival underscored the divine right of the emperor to rule, reinforcing the sacred nature of his position.

Aftermath and Significance

The institution of the Toshigami Matsuri had long-lasting effects on the cultural and religious landscape of Japan. It exemplified the integration of Shinto practices within the political sphere, a theme that remained significant throughout Japanese history. The festival itself became a traditional celebration, influencing various local festivals dedicated to Toshigami, the deity associated with time and the New Year.

Conclusion

Emperor Tenmu’s establishment of the Divine Wind Festival on February 20, 675, is a reflection of the profound intertwining of spiritual observance and governance in ancient Japan. It highlights the emperor’s role not only as a political leader but as a custodian of religious traditions, ensuring the welfare and unity of his people through shared rituals and beliefs.