Assassination of Didius Julianus: June 1, 193

Background

Didius Julianus became Roman Emperor under unusual and tumultuous circumstances. His rise to power was marked by the infamous auction of the Roman Empire by the Praetorian Guard following the assassination of Emperor Pertinax. On March 28, 193, Julianus outbid his rival, Titus Flavius Sulpicianus, by offering a substantial donative to the guards, securing his position as emperor.

Reign and Challenges

Julianus’s reign was fraught with challenges from the outset. His legitimacy was questioned due to the manner of his ascension, and he faced widespread disapproval from both the Roman Senate and the general populace. His rule was further destabilized by the emergence of several claimants to the throne, each commanding significant military support:

1. Septimius Severus: The governor of Pannonia Superior, who was declared emperor by his troops.
2. Pescennius Niger: The governor of Syria, who also claimed the imperial title.
3. Clodius Albinus: The governor of Britannia, who initially supported Severus.

Assassination

As Severus advanced towards Rome with his legions, Julianus’s position became increasingly untenable. The Senate, recognizing the inevitability of Severus’s victory and seeking to preserve their own status, decided to act against Julianus. On June 1, 193, the Senate officially condemned Julianus to death. He was assassinated in the palace by a soldier, marking the end of his brief and troubled reign.

Aftermath and Historical Significance

The assassination of Didius Julianus paved the way for Septimius Severus to enter Rome unopposed. Severus’s ascension marked the beginning of the Severan Dynasty, which would rule the Roman Empire for several decades. This period was characterized by military expansion and significant administrative reforms.

Julianus’s downfall highlighted the volatility of the Roman imperial succession during this era, underscoring the critical role of military power and the Praetorian Guard in determining the fate of emperors. His assassination also reflected the Senate’s diminishing influence, as they were compelled to align with military leaders to maintain their relevance.

In summary, the assassination of Didius Julianus was a pivotal moment in Roman history, illustrating the complex interplay of power, military influence, and political maneuvering that defined the Roman Empire during the late 2nd century.