Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): Russia Declares War on the Ottoman Empire

On April 24, 1877, the Russian Empire declared war on the Ottoman Empire, marking the beginning of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. This conflict was a pivotal moment in the late 19th century, driven by a combination of geopolitical interests, nationalistic movements, and humanitarian concerns.

Context and Causes

1. Pan-Slavism and Nationalism: The war was significantly influenced by the rise of Pan-Slavism, a movement advocating the unity of Slavic peoples. Russia positioned itself as the protector of Slavic and Orthodox Christian populations in the Balkans, many of whom were under Ottoman rule.

2. Decline of the Ottoman Empire: By the late 19th century, the Ottoman Empire was often referred to as the “Sick Man of Europe,” struggling with internal strife and external pressures. This decline encouraged Balkan states to seek independence or autonomy, often with Russian support.

3. The Eastern Question: European powers were deeply concerned about the fate of the Ottoman territories, particularly in the Balkans. The “Eastern Question” referred to the strategic interest in these lands, with Russia seeking access to warm-water ports and influence in the region.

4. Humanitarian Concerns: Reports of Ottoman atrocities against Christian populations, particularly during the Bulgarian April Uprising of 1876, galvanized public opinion in Russia and other European countries, providing a moral pretext for intervention.

Key Events Leading to the Declaration

• Treaty of San Stefano: Prior to the war, diplomatic efforts such as the Treaty of San Stefano aimed to address the Balkan crisis but failed to satisfy all parties involved.
• Diplomatic Breakdown: Russia’s attempts to resolve tensions through diplomacy were unsuccessful, leading to a decision to pursue military action.

The War

• Initial Movements: Following the declaration of war, Russian forces crossed the Danube River, advancing into Ottoman territories in the Balkans and the Caucasus.
• Major Battles: Significant battles included the Siege of Plevna and the Battle of Shipka Pass, where Russian and allied forces faced fierce Ottoman resistance.
• Alliances: Russia was supported by Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro, who sought to gain or solidify independence from Ottoman rule.

Aftermath and Consequences

1. Treaty of San Stefano (March 1878): The war concluded with the Treaty of San Stefano, which granted independence or autonomy to several Balkan states and expanded Russian influence. However, the treaty was later revised by the Congress of Berlin due to concerns from other European powers.

2. Congress of Berlin (June-July 1878): This congress redrew the map of the Balkans, reducing Russian gains and establishing a more balanced power structure to prevent further conflicts.

3. Long-term Impact: The war significantly weakened the Ottoman Empire, accelerated the decline of its European territories, and set the stage for future Balkan conflicts. It also heightened tensions among European powers, contributing to the complex web of alliances that would later play a role in the lead-up to World War I.

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 was a crucial event in the history of Eastern Europe and the Balkans, reshaping the political landscape and influencing the course of European diplomacy in the years that followed.