Iraq’s First Parliamentary Election Post-U.S. Invasion: December 15, 2005

On December 15, 2005, Iraq held its first parliamentary election since the U.S.-led invasion in 2003, marking a pivotal moment in the country’s political transition. This election was a significant step towards establishing a democratic government following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s regime.

Context Leading Up to the Election

• U.S.-Led Invasion (2003): The invasion, initiated in March 2003, aimed to dismantle Saddam Hussein’s regime, which was accused of possessing weapons of mass destruction and supporting terrorism. The invasion led to the toppling of Hussein but also plunged Iraq into a period of instability and violence.

• Interim Government: After the invasion, an interim government was established under the Coalition Provisional Authority, which was later replaced by the Iraqi Interim Government in June 2004. This government was tasked with drafting a new constitution and preparing for democratic elections.

• Constitutional Referendum (October 2005): Prior to the parliamentary elections, Iraqis voted in a referendum to approve a new constitution. The approval of the constitution was a crucial step in setting the framework for the parliamentary elections.

The Election

• Date and Participation: The election took place on December 15, 2005. It was the first full-term parliamentary election under the new constitution, following the transitional elections held in January 2005.

• Voter Turnout: Approximately 12 million Iraqis, representing about 70% of eligible voters, participated in the election. This high turnout was seen as a positive sign of Iraqis’ commitment to shaping their political future despite ongoing violence and security challenges.

• Political Parties and Coalitions: The election featured a wide array of political parties and coalitions, reflecting Iraq’s diverse ethnic and sectarian landscape. Major coalitions included the United Iraqi Alliance (predominantly Shia), the Kurdistan Alliance, and the Iraqi Accord Front (predominantly Sunni).

Aftermath and Significance

• Formation of Government: The election results led to a period of negotiation and coalition-building, as no single party gained an outright majority. Nouri al-Maliki, a member of the United Iraqi Alliance, eventually became Prime Minister in May 2006.

• Challenges: The new government faced significant challenges, including sectarian violence, insurgency, and the task of rebuilding Iraq’s infrastructure and economy.

• Significance: This election was a landmark in Iraq’s transition to democracy, symbolizing a move towards self-governance and political stability. It also highlighted the complexities of Iraq’s political landscape, characterized by ethnic and sectarian divisions.

In conclusion, the December 15, 2005, parliamentary election was a crucial step in Iraq’s journey towards establishing a democratic government post-invasion. It represented both hope and challenges for the future of Iraq, as the nation continued to grapple with internal and external pressures.