The Fundamental Orders of 1639

On January 14, 1639, the Fundamental Orders were adopted in the Connecticut Colony, marking a significant development in the establishment of governance in the American colonies. Often regarded as one of the first written constitutions that created a government, the Fundamental Orders laid the groundwork for the structure and function of government in the Connecticut River towns of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield.

Historical Context

In the early 17th century, English settlers in North America sought to establish communities that reflected their religious and political ideals. The Connecticut Colony was founded by Puritans who migrated from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, seeking more autonomy and fertile land. As the population grew, the need for a formalized system of governance became apparent.

Key Features of the Fundamental Orders

The Fundamental Orders consisted of a preamble and 11 orders, or laws, which outlined the framework for governance in the colony. Some of the key features included:

• Establishment of a General Court: The Orders established a General Court, which served as the supreme authority in the colony. It was composed of a governor, magistrates, and representatives from each town.

• Election Process: The Orders provided for the annual election of the governor and magistrates by eligible freemen, ensuring a degree of democratic participation.

• Representation: Each town was allowed to send a certain number of deputies to the General Court, ensuring local representation in decision-making processes.

• Checks and Balances: The Orders included mechanisms to prevent the concentration of power, such as limiting the governor’s term to one year and requiring a majority vote for significant decisions.

Significance and Legacy

The Fundamental Orders are significant for several reasons:

• Precedent for Written Constitutions: They are often cited as a precursor to later American constitutional documents, including the United States Constitution, due to their written nature and structured approach to governance.

• Influence on Democratic Principles: The Orders embodied principles of self-governance and democracy, influencing the political development of the American colonies and later the United States.

• Cultural Impact: The adoption of the Fundamental Orders reflected the settlers’ desire for a government that balanced order with individual rights, a theme that would resonate throughout American history.

Aftermath

The Fundamental Orders remained in effect until 1662 when the Connecticut Colony received a royal charter from King Charles II, which incorporated many of the Orders’ principles. The charter allowed Connecticut to maintain a significant degree of self-governance, which was a testament to the enduring influence of the Fundamental Orders.

In summary, the adoption of the Fundamental Orders on January 14, 1639, was a pivotal moment in colonial American history, laying the foundation for democratic governance and influencing future constitutional developments.