International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)

On December 21, 1965*, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) through Resolution 2106 (XX). This landmark treaty was a crucial step in international human rights law, primarily aimed at eradicating racial discrimination globally.

Background

The adoption of the ICERD was heavily influenced by the rise of the civil rights movements in the United States and the anti-colonial movements in Africa and Asia during the 1950s and 1960s, which highlighted issues of racial injustice and inequality. The post-World War II period saw a surge in efforts to establish a comprehensive framework to protect human rights, culminating in this convention.

Key Provisions

The ICERD requires signatory states to condemn racial discrimination and to pursue policies that eliminate it in all its forms, including:

• Definition of Racial Discrimination: It defines racial discrimination as any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference based on race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin that impairs equal recognition or exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

• Elimination of Discrimination: The convention obligates state parties to undertake measures to eliminate racial discrimination, including revisiting national laws and guaranteeing effective protection and remedies against racial discrimination.

• Promotion of Understanding: It encourages international cooperation and understanding.

• Reporting and Monitoring: State parties are required to report on measures taken to implement the convention to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), which was established to oversee compliance.

Enforcement and Impact

The adoption of ICERD marked one of the earliest significant actions by the UN to address human rights at a comprehensive level. It came into effect on January 4, 1969, after being ratified by 27 countries. Over the years, it has been ratified by numerous nations worldwide, committing these countries to align with the principles of racial equality and non-discrimination.

The convention has served as a vital tool for activists and policymakers in the fight against racism and inequality, providing a legal framework for challenging discriminatory practices and promoting racial harmony.

*Note: There appears to be a discrepancy with the initial request’s date. Historical records indicate the adoption happened on December 21, 1965, not the 22nd.