Italian Invasion of Egypt - September 13, 1940

On September 13, 1940, during the Second World War, Italian forces commenced an invasion of Egypt, marking a significant phase in the North African Campaign. This military operation was led by Italian General Rodolfo Graziani under the orders of Benito Mussolini, the dictator of Fascist Italy, following Germany’s victories in Europe.

Context and Objectives

After Mussolini declared war on Britain and France on June 10, 1940, he sought to expand Italian influence in Africa by seizing Egypt, which was under British control. The strategic goal was to capture the Suez Canal, a critical artery for British colonial and military logistics, and to bolster Axis power in the region. The Italian army, the Royal Italian Army, coordinated this operation at the Libyan-Egyptian border, with initial forces reportedly consisting of about 150,000 troops, although operational effectiveness was limited by logistical challenges and outdated equipment.

The Invasion

The invasion began with Italian forces advancing from their bases in Libya into Egyptian territory. Despite their significant numerical advantage, Italian troops suffered from inadequate mechanization and supply problems. By September 16, Italian forces had advanced approximately 95 kilometers (59 miles) into Egypt, capturing the town of Sidi Barrani without encountering substantial British resistance, as the British conducted a strategic retreat to more defensible positions.

Initial Aftermath

The Italian advance was halted at Sidi Barrani, where troops began fortifying positions, intending to consolidate control before pushing further toward Mersa Matruh. However, logistical constraints and concerns over supply lines compelled General Graziani to pause the advance. The British Western Desert Force utilized this pause, preparing a counter-offensive.

Historical Significance

The Italian invasion of Egypt set the stage for the British counterattack known as Operation Compass, launched in December 1940. This operation resulted in a decisive British victory, with substantial Italian losses and the eventual surrender of more than 130,000 Italian troops, significantly altering the balance of power in North Africa and bolstering British morale. The failure of the Italian campaign underscored the importance of mechanization, logistical planning, and air support in modern warfare.