Expulsion of John Calvin from Geneva - May 26, 1538

Context and Background

By the early 16th century, the Swiss city of Geneva had become a focal point for the Reformation, a religious movement seeking to reform the Roman Catholic Church’s practices and doctrines. This period saw a surge in religious and political turmoil across Europe, as Protestant ideas challenged the entrenched Catholic beliefs.

Arrival of John Calvin

John Calvin, a French theologian and pastor, was a pivotal figure in the Protestant Reformation. He was first persuaded to stay in Geneva by fellow reformer Guillaume Farel in 1536. Together, they implemented a series of reforms that aimed to transform the city into a model theocratic state. These reforms focused on strict moral discipline and a reorganization of both church and civic governance according to Calvinist principles.

Events Leading to Expulsion

Calvin’s initial success came with complications. The reforms imposed stringent moral codes and increased ecclesiastical authority, which led to resistance among citizens and local officials. His attempts to control aspects of daily life and worship faced significant opposition. Tensions grew as the population became divided over his rigorous religious and moral standards.

In 1538, a significant conflict arose over the question of sacramental practices. Calvin insisted on particular modes of worship and a strict Protestant liturgy, including the refusal to administer the Eucharist to those he deemed morally unfit. Opposition leaders, known as the Libertines, challenged this authoritarian approach.

May 26, 1538: The Expulsion

On May 26, 1538, the city council of Geneva, under pressure from factions opposing Calvin’s policies, decided to expel him and his colleague Farel from the city. The council aimed to reduce the overwhelming and unpopular influence of Calvinism within Geneva and sought moderation in religious reforms to maintain civic peace.

Consequences and Aftermath

Following his expulsion, Calvin settled in Strasbourg, where he continued his theological work and gained further respect as a Protestant leader. While in Strasbourg, he served as a pastor to French exiles and authored significant works, including further editions of his seminal book, “Institutes of the Christian Religion.”

Despite his expulsion, Calvin’s influence in Geneva was not diminished. The city’s political atmosphere shifted again, and by 1541, factions in Geneva invited Calvin to return, recognizing his reforms’ long-term potential in establishing a disciplined and independent Protestant community.

Upon his return, Calvin would establish a theocratic governance that laid the foundation for what became known as Calvinism, leaving a lasting impact on Protestantism and European religious life. The eventual success of his ideas in Geneva solidified his reputation as a leading figure of the Reformation.