White Island (Whakaari) Eruption - December 9, 2019

Overview

On December 9, 2019, a tragic volcanic eruption occurred on White Island, also known by its Māori name, Whakaari, located in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. This unexpected and violent eruption resulted in the deaths of 22 people and caused injuries to numerous tourists and guides who were present on the island at the time.

Background

White Island is an active stratovolcano and is part of the Taupo Volcanic Zone. It is New Zealand’s most active cone volcano and has been a popular tourist destination due to its unique geological features and accessibility. Prior to the eruption, the island was a site for guided tours, allowing visitors to experience the volcanic landscape firsthand.

The Eruption

The eruption occurred at approximately 2:11 PM local time. It was a phreatic eruption, which involves the explosive interaction of water and hot volcanic material. This type of eruption can be particularly dangerous due to its sudden onset and the release of steam, ash, and volcanic gases.

Key Events

• Immediate Impact: At the time of the eruption, 47 people were on the island, including tourists from various countries and local tour guides. The eruption sent a plume of ash and gas high into the air and covered the island in volcanic material.
• Rescue Efforts: Emergency services, including the New Zealand Police, Coast Guard, and Air Force, quickly mobilized to conduct rescue operations. Helicopters and boats were dispatched to evacuate survivors and transport the injured to hospitals.
• Casualties and Injuries: The eruption claimed the lives of 22 individuals, with many others suffering severe burns and injuries. The victims included tourists from Australia, the United States, Germany, China, Malaysia, and New Zealand.

Aftermath

• Investigation and Legal Proceedings: Following the eruption, investigations were launched to determine the circumstances leading to the tragedy. In November 2020, WorkSafe New Zealand charged multiple organizations and individuals with failing to ensure the health and safety of workers and tourists.
• Tourism and Safety: The event raised significant concerns about the safety of tourism activities on active volcanic sites. It prompted a reevaluation of risk management practices and regulatory oversight for adventure tourism in New Zealand.

Broader Historical Significance

The White Island eruption highlighted the inherent risks associated with visiting active volcanic sites and underscored the need for stringent safety protocols. It also served as a somber reminder of the power of natural forces and the importance of respecting and understanding geological hazards.

The tragedy had a profound impact on the victims’ families and communities, as well as on New Zealand’s tourism industry and regulatory frameworks. The event continues to influence discussions on balancing tourism with safety and environmental stewardship.