The First Submarine Attack: The Turtle and HMS Eagle

On September 7, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, the world witnessed its first recorded submarine attack. This innovative military maneuver involved the American submersible known as the Turtle, which attempted to attach a time bomb to the hull of the British warship HMS Eagle.

Background

The Turtle was the brainchild of American inventor David Bushnell. Designed in 1775, it was the first submersible vessel with a documented record of use in combat. The Turtle was a one-man wooden craft, shaped like a walnut, and operated by hand-cranked propellers. It was intended to stealthily approach enemy ships, attach explosive charges, and retreat undetected.

The Attack

The attack on HMS Eagle took place in New York Harbor. The Eagle was the flagship of the British fleet, and its destruction would have been a significant blow to British naval power. Sergeant Ezra Lee, a volunteer from the Continental Army, piloted the Turtle for this daring mission.

The Attempt

• Approach: Under the cover of darkness, Lee maneuvered the Turtle towards the Eagle. The submersible’s design allowed it to approach undetected beneath the water’s surface.

• Challenges: Upon reaching the Eagle, Lee faced difficulties in attaching the explosive device. The Turtle’s drill, designed to penetrate the ship’s hull and secure the explosive, could not pierce the copper sheathing of the Eagle.

• Retreat: After several attempts and with daylight approaching, Lee was forced to abandon the mission and retreat. He released the explosive, which drifted away and detonated harmlessly in the water.

Aftermath and Significance

Although the attack was unsuccessful, it marked a significant milestone in naval warfare. The Turtle demonstrated the potential of submersible technology, laying the groundwork for future developments in submarine design and tactics.

Broader Impact

• Innovation in Warfare: The Turtle’s attempt highlighted the ingenuity and resourcefulness of the American forces during the Revolutionary War. It showcased the willingness to explore unconventional methods to counter the superior British naval power.

• Legacy: While the Turtle did not achieve its immediate objective, it inspired future generations of naval engineers and strategists. Submarine technology would continue to evolve, eventually becoming a crucial component of modern naval warfare.

In conclusion, the Turtle’s attack on HMS Eagle on September 7, 1776, remains a fascinating episode in military history, symbolizing the dawn of submarine warfare and the enduring spirit of innovation in the face of adversity.