Treaty of Breslau – May 31, 1742

On May 31, 1742, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Monarchy signed the Treaty of Breslau, marking the conclusion of the First Silesian War. This treaty was pivotal in shaping the balance of power in Central Europe during the 18th century.

Background

The First Silesian War (1740–1742) was part of the broader conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession. The conflict arose shortly after the death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in 1740, when Frederick II of Prussia took advantage of the perceived weakness of his successor, Maria Theresa of Austria, to invade the resource-rich region of Silesia. Silesia was strategically important due to its economic resources, particularly its substantial mineral wealth.

Treaty Provisions

The Treaty of Breslau resulted in the majority of Silesia being ceded to Prussia along with the County of Glatz. This territorial acquisition substantially increased Prussia’s wealth and military potential, bolstering its position as a major European power.

The key provisions of the treaty included:

• Territorial Changes: Most of Silesia was transferred to Prussian control, excluding a small southern portion that remained with Austria.
• Recognition: Austria formally recognized Prussian sovereignty over Silesia.
• Ceasefire: The Treaty marked the cessation of hostilities between Austria and Prussia, although the broader War of the Austrian Succession continued until 1748.

Consequences

The Treaty of Breslau had significant long-term implications:

• Prussian Ascendancy: The acquisition of Silesia allowed Prussia to emerge as a formidable European power with increased economic and military resources.
• Austria’s Position: Although Austria lost a key province, Maria Theresa managed to secure her husband’s election as Holy Roman Emperor, consolidating control over her other dominions.
• Future Conflicts: The unresolved tensions and territorial ambitions left by the treaty contributed to the outbreak of the Second Silesian War (1744–1745), as part of the ongoing War of the Austrian Succession.

The Treaty of Breslau is often viewed as a milestone in the rise of Prussia as a dominant force and a precursor to later conflicts within the region.