Iceland’s Sovereignty: The Act of Union on December 1, 1918

On December 1, 1918, Iceland took a significant step towards full independence by becoming a sovereign state under the Danish crown with the signing of the Act of Union. This pivotal moment marked the culmination of Iceland’s long-standing aspirations for greater autonomy and set the stage for its eventual full independence.

Historical Context

Iceland had been under Danish rule since the early 19th century, following the dissolution of the Kalmar Union and the Treaty of Kiel in 1814, which transferred Norway’s dependencies, including Iceland, to Denmark. Throughout the 19th century, Icelandic nationalism grew, fueled by a desire for self-determination and inspired by similar movements across Europe.

Key Developments Leading to the Act of Union

• 19th Century Nationalism: Icelandic nationalists, inspired by the European wave of nationalism, began advocating for increased autonomy. The establishment of the Althing, Iceland’s parliament, in 1845 as an advisory body was an early step towards self-governance.

• Home Rule in 1904: Iceland achieved home rule, gaining control over internal affairs, while Denmark retained authority over foreign policy and defense.

• World War I Impact: The geopolitical shifts during World War I and the weakening of Denmark’s influence provided Iceland with an opportunity to renegotiate its status.

The Act of Union

The Act of Union was a bilateral agreement between Iceland and Denmark, which recognized Iceland as a sovereign state in personal union with Denmark. The key provisions included:

• Sovereignty: Iceland was recognized as a fully sovereign state, although it remained in a personal union with Denmark, sharing the same monarch.

• Foreign Affairs and Defense: Denmark retained control over Iceland’s foreign affairs and defense, but Iceland had the right to establish its own flag and manage its domestic affairs.

• Duration: The agreement was set to last for 25 years, after which it could be renegotiated or dissolved.

Aftermath and Significance

The Act of Union was a crucial milestone in Iceland’s journey towards full independence. It provided Iceland with the autonomy to manage its internal affairs and laid the groundwork for its eventual complete independence in 1944, when Iceland declared itself a republic.

Broader Historical Significance

• National Identity: The Act of Union strengthened Icelandic national identity and pride, fostering a sense of unity and purpose among its people.

• Path to Independence: The agreement was a stepping stone towards Iceland’s full independence, achieved on June 17, 1944, during World War II, when Iceland severed its remaining ties with Denmark.

In summary, the signing of the Act of Union on December 1, 1918, was a defining moment in Iceland’s history, marking its emergence as a sovereign state and setting it on a path to full independence. This event is celebrated annually in Iceland as a testament to the nation’s enduring spirit and quest for self-determination.