Famine Declaration in Southern Somalia - July 13, 2011

On July 13, 2011, the United Nations officially declared a famine in parts of southern Somalia, marking the first such declaration in the region in nearly three decades. This announcement underscored the severity of the humanitarian crisis unfolding in the Horn of Africa, driven by a combination of natural and man-made factors.

Context and Causes

The famine was primarily attributed to a devastating drought that affected the Horn of Africa, the worst in 60 years. This natural disaster was compounded by ongoing conflict and instability in Somalia, which severely hampered relief efforts and exacerbated the food crisis. The militant group Al-Shabaab, which controlled large parts of southern Somalia, restricted access to humanitarian organizations, further complicating the delivery of aid.

Key Events Leading to the Declaration

• Drought Conditions: The region experienced consecutive seasons of poor rainfall, leading to crop failures and the death of livestock, which were crucial for the livelihoods of many Somali families.
• Conflict and Insecurity: The persistent conflict in Somalia, particularly in areas controlled by Al-Shabaab, created a hostile environment for aid workers and limited the reach of humanitarian assistance.
• Economic Factors: Rising food prices and inflation further strained the ability of families to secure adequate nutrition, pushing many into severe food insecurity.

The Declaration

The UN’s declaration of famine was based on specific criteria, including:

• At least 20% of households facing extreme food shortages.
• Acute malnutrition rates exceeding 30%.
• A mortality rate of more than two deaths per 10,000 people per day.

The declaration initially applied to two regions in southern Somalia: Bakool and Lower Shabelle. It was a call to action for the international community to increase aid and support to avert further loss of life.

Aftermath and Response

• International Aid: Following the declaration, there was a significant increase in international aid efforts. Humanitarian organizations mobilized resources to provide food, water, and medical assistance to affected populations.
• Challenges: Despite increased aid, access remained a critical issue due to ongoing conflict and logistical challenges. Efforts were made to negotiate with local authorities and militant groups to allow safe passage for aid deliveries.
• Long-term Impact: The famine highlighted the need for sustainable solutions to address food insecurity and build resilience against future droughts. It also underscored the importance of addressing the root causes of conflict and instability in the region.

Broader Historical Significance

The 2011 famine in Somalia served as a stark reminder of the vulnerabilities faced by regions affected by climate change, conflict, and political instability. It prompted discussions on improving early warning systems, enhancing international cooperation, and developing more effective strategies for crisis prevention and response.

In conclusion, the famine declaration in southern Somalia in 2011 was a pivotal moment that drew global attention to the dire humanitarian situation in the region and the urgent need for coordinated international efforts to address such crises.