The July Revolution Begins - July 27, 1830

The July Revolution, also known as the Second French Revolution, commenced on July 27, 1830, marking the onset of substantial political change in France. This uprising represented a profound expression of resistance against King Charles X and his autocratic governance, ultimately leading to the establishment of the July Monarchy under King Louis-Philippe.

Context and Causes

In the years leading up to 1830, France witnessed increasing dissatisfaction under the Bourbon Restoration. King Charles X, ascending to the throne in 1824, sought to restore the old regime’s power and privileges, aligning closely with the ultra-royalists. His reactionary policies alienated various societal sectors:

• Economic Hardship: Post-war economic distress left many citizens, especially in urban areas, disillusioned.
• Political Repression: Charles X enacted strict censorship, limiting freedoms of the press and stifling political dissent.
• Ordinances of July 1830: On July 25, 1830, Charles X issued a series of decrees known as the “July Ordinances.” These acts dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, restricted the electorate, and further repressed press freedoms, sparking widespread outrage.

Key Events

• July 27, 1830: Protests erupted across Paris as opposition to Charles X’s ordinances galvanized workers, students, and citizens. Crowds gathered, displaying tricolor flags associated with the revolutionary tradition and flooding the streets with chants of defiance.

• Barricades and Conflict: The peaceful protests quickly evolved into violent clashes as demonstrators constructed barricades throughout Paris, transforming the city into a battleground. Over the next three days, armed conflicts ensued between the population and the royal army.

Outcome and Significance

• Abdication of Charles X: The July Revolution culminated in the abdication of King Charles X on August 2, 1830. His departure marked the end of the Bourbon Restoration.

• Establishment of the July Monarchy: The revolution led to the ascension of Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, establishing a constitutional monarchy known as the July Monarchy. Louis-Philippe’s reign, however, would later face its challenges during the revolutionary wave of 1848.

• Broader Implications: The July Revolution inspired uprisings across Europe, contributing to the spirit of liberalism and nationalism. It underscored the growing demand for constitutional governance and civil liberties.

The events of July 27, 1830, were pivotal in shaping not only French history but also influencing broader European political developments, signifying a momentous shift towards constitutional monarchy and a new era of governance.