The Killing of Johan and Cornelis de Witt - August 20, 1672

On August 20, 1672, a mob brutally murdered Johan de Witt, the Grand Pensionary of the Dutch Republic, and his brother, Cornelis de Witt, in The Hague. Their deaths marked a violent climax in a period of extreme political upheaval within the Dutch Republic, often referred to as the “Rampjaar” or “Disaster Year.”

Background

Johan de Witt had been a powerful and influential figure in Dutch politics, effectively serving as the head of government in the mid-17th century. As Grand Pensionary since 1653, he was a strong proponent of republicanism and opposed the rise of the House of Orange. This made him a controversial figure, especially among Orange supporters who favored a monarchical system under the Princes of Orange.

The year 1672 was disastrous for the Republic, as it was attacked by France, England, and the Bishoprics of Münster and Cologne. This military crisis intensified internal strife and dissatisfaction with Johan de Witt’s leadership and his handling of the situation.

The Political Climate

The ongoing war, coupled with economic hardships and military defeats, fueled public discontent. Many Dutch citizens believed that the de Witt brothers mismanaged the country’s defense and finances, providing fertile ground for political opponents to rally against them. The widespread support for William III of Orange, who had a substantial claim to leadership and military prowess, grew stronger during this tumultuous period.

The Incident

Cornelis de Witt was imprisoned on charges of conspiring to assassinate William III, a charge that historians largely regard as unfounded and politically motivated. Following Cornelis’s torture and conviction, Johan de Witt traveled to The Hague to visit his brother.

On August 20, a mob incited by Orange supporters gathered outside the prison where the brothers were held. The mob’s anger turned violent, leading to the brutal lynching of Johan and Cornelis de Witt. They were dragged from the prison, beaten, and mutilated by the crowd.

Aftermath and Significance

The murders of Johan and Cornelis de Witt had significant ramifications for Dutch politics. Their deaths effectively marked the end of the republican regime that sought to limit the power of the House of Orange. Shortly thereafter, William III was appointed stadtholder, consolidating power and altering the political landscape of the Netherlands.

The events of August 20, 1672, became a stark reminder of the volatility and factionalism within the Dutch Republic during this period. It underscored the significant tensions between republicanism and monarchical aspirations, shaping the governance of the Netherlands for years to come.