Treaty of Lisbon Comes Into Force - December 1, 2009

The Treaty of Lisbon, a pivotal amendment to the constitutional framework of the European Union (EU), officially came into force on December 1, 2009. This transformative treaty was designed to enhance the EU’s efficiency, transparency, and democratic legitimacy, along with improving the coherence of its external actions.

Background

The Treaty of Lisbon was signed on December 13, 2007, in Lisbon, Portugal. Its implementation was preceded by a series of efforts to reform EU treaties. The need for reform arose after the rejection of the proposed European Constitution by French and Dutch voters in 2005, which prompted a reevaluation of how the EU should operate.

Key Provisions

• Institutional Changes: The treaty introduced several institutional reforms, including a more prominent role for the European Parliament and a simplified voting process in the Council of the European Union. The voting procedure was transitioned to a “double majority” system, requiring the support of at least 55% of member states representing at least 65% of the EU population for most decisions.

• Strengthening Democratic Legitimacy: It gave national parliaments more power to engage in the EU legislative process, including the ability to challenge EU proposals that may violate the principle of subsidiarity.

• External Relations: The treaty established the position of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and created the European External Action Service to enhance the EU’s diplomatic efforts and global presence.

• Legal Personality: The Treaty granted the EU a legal personality, allowing it to sign international treaties and become a member of international organizations.

• Citizens’ Initiative: It introduced the European Citizens’ Initiative, empowering EU citizens to call directly on the European Commission to propose legislation.

Impact and Aftermath

• The Treaty of Lisbon was instrumental in responding to the growing complexities of an expanded EU with 27 member states (at the time) and addressing prior institutional stagnations.
• It streamlined EU operations, especially in legislative and foreign policy processes, ensuring that the EU could respond more effectively and cohesively to global challenges.
• As a result of the treaty, the EU saw an increase in parliamentary powers and heightened engagement of member states and their citizens in the Union’s affairs.

This treaty underscores the EU’s ongoing efforts to adapt and reinforce its institutional structures, allowing it to operate more efficiently and democratically within the international arena.