Greece Rejects Italy’s Ultimatum: October 28, 1940

On October 28, 1940, Greece famously rejected an ultimatum from Italy, an event that marked Greece’s entry into World War II. This day is commemorated annually in Greece as “Ohi Day” (meaning “No Day”), celebrating the nation’s defiance against Axis powers.

Background

The lead-up to this event was characterized by increasing tensions in Europe as World War II unfolded. Italy, under the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini, sought to expand its influence in the Balkans and the Mediterranean. Mussolini was eager to emulate the military successes of his ally, Adolf Hitler, and saw Greece as a strategic target.

The Ultimatum

In the early hours of October 28, 1940, the Italian ambassador to Greece, Emanuele Grazzi, delivered an ultimatum to the Greek Prime Minister, Ioannis Metaxas. The ultimatum demanded that Greece allow Axis forces to occupy strategic locations within its territory. This demand was essentially a call for Greece to surrender its sovereignty without resistance.

Greece’s Response

Prime Minister Metaxas’s response was a firm and resolute “Ohi” (No), which encapsulated the Greek spirit of resistance. This rejection was not just a personal decision by Metaxas but reflected the broader sentiment of the Greek populace, who were unwilling to submit to foreign occupation.

The Invasion

Following Greece’s refusal to comply with the ultimatum, Italian forces launched an invasion from Albania, which was under Italian control at the time. The invasion began on the same day, October 28, 1940. However, the Italian military campaign did not proceed as Mussolini had anticipated. The Greek army mounted a robust defense, and within weeks, they pushed the Italian forces back into Albania, marking one of the first successful counter-offensives against the Axis powers during the war.

Consequences and Significance

• Military Impact: The Greek resistance against Italy forced Germany to intervene in the Balkans, delaying their planned invasion of the Soviet Union. This delay is often cited as a factor that contributed to the eventual failure of Operation Barbarossa, as German forces were caught in the harsh Russian winter.

• Allied Support: Greece’s defiance and subsequent military successes garnered admiration and support from the Allied powers. It demonstrated that the Axis powers could be resisted and defeated.

• Cultural Legacy: “Ohi Day” became a symbol of national pride and unity in Greece, celebrated annually with parades and commemorations honoring the courage and determination of the Greek people during World War II.

In summary, Greece’s rejection of Italy’s ultimatum on October 28, 1940, was a pivotal moment in World War II, showcasing the power of resistance against aggression and altering the course of the war in Europe.