The Adoption of Antoninus Pius by Hadrian on March 19, 127

Background

By the early 2nd century, the Roman Empire was experiencing a period referred to as the Pax Romana, a broad span of relative peace and stability established during the reign of Emperor Augustus. Hadrian, ascended to power in 117 CE, was keen on maintaining this prosperity and ensuring a smooth succession process, cognizant of past difficulties in imperial transitions.

Context

Hadrian faced health issues and understood the necessity of preparing for a successor who could continue his policies and maintain stability within the empire. He initially chose Lucius Aelius Caesar, but Aelius died in early 138 CE before he could succeed Hadrian, prompting the necessity for Hadrian to reassess his options.

The Adoption of Antoninus Pius

On March 19, 127, Emperor Hadrian officially adopted Antoninus Pius as his son and successor. Antoninus, born as Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus on September 19, 86, hailed from a respected senatorial family and was well-regarded for his integrity, administrative skill, and adherence to traditional Roman values.

Antoninus was tasked with adopting two successors himself: Marcus Annius Verus and Lucius Verus, further securing a line of succession and establishing the framework for what would later become known as the Nerva–Antonine dynasty, named after the series of “Five Good Emperors,” which included both Hadrian and Antoninus Pius.

Impact and Significance

Antoninus Pius became emperor following Hadrian’s death in 138 CE and was noted for his peaceful reign that lasted until 161 CE. His administration is often characterized by humility, legal reforms, and consolidation of the empire’s borders rather than expansionist policies. The decision to adopt Antoninus played a crucial role in ensuring the continuation of the imperial policies that supported the era’s stability and prosperity.

The adoption was a pivotal moment in Roman history, illustrating the foresight of Hadrian in securing a competent and prepared successor, thus contributing to what many historians consider a peak in Roman Imperial history. This period of effective governance and stability had lasting impacts on the structures of Roman governance and the prosperity of its citizens.