Luxembourg Gains Independence from Germany: Second Treaty of London (May 11, 1867)

On May 11, 1867, the Second Treaty of London was signed, marking a pivotal moment in European history and securing Luxembourg’s independence from German influence. This event effectively ended a period of political uncertainty and tension, setting the stage for Luxembourg to emerge as a fully sovereign nation.

Context

Luxembourg, a small but strategically significant territory in Western Europe, had long been a focal point for the great powers of Europe due to its location and fortifications. The Treaty of Vienna in 1815 had placed Luxembourg under the personal union with the Dutch crown, but it also became a member of the German Confederation, complicating its political situation.

Preceding Events

In the 1860s, tensions arose as France, under Napoleon III, expressed interest in acquiring Luxembourg, seeing it as an opportunity to expand French territory. This concern heightened after the unilateral dissolution of the German Confederation by Prussia following its victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Bismarck’s expansionist policies and the resulting instability prompted European powers to seek a diplomatic resolution to avoid conflict.

The Second Treaty of London

The international conference, convened in London in 1867, successfully brought together representatives from the major European powers, including Britain, France, Prussia, and Russia. The Second Treaty of London was the result:

• Neutrality: Luxembourg was declared perpetually neutral, legally separating it from the German Confederation and ensuring it could not be influenced or occupied by any military force.

• Fortress Dismantling: To reinforce its neutrality, the treaty mandated the dismantling of Luxembourg City’s fortress. This alleviated fears of military aggression from the region.

• Dynastic Independence: The Grand Duchy would remain under the rule of the Orange-Nassau family, maintaining its dynastic ties with the Netherlands but politically independent.

Aftermath and Significance

The Second Treaty of London was crucial in stabilizing the region. By securing Luxembourg’s neutrality, the treaty diminished the risk of it becoming a battleground between France and Prussia. The decision also reflected the complex diplomatic balance of power in Europe during the late 19th century, as nations sought to maintain peace and their own interests amidst growing nationalistic and territorial ambitions.

Luxembourg’s status as a neutral and independent state allowed it to focus on internal development and prosperity. Over time, this status became a cornerstone of Luxembourg’s national identity, with neutrality enshrined in national policy through the 20th century.

Through the Second Treaty of London, Luxembourg’s independence was solidified, and the Grand Duchy was affirmed as a fully sovereign entity. This pivotal moment ensured its place in the community of nations and laid the foundation for its continued development as a peaceful, independent state.