Nikita Khrushchev Becomes Soviet Premier on March 27, 1958
1958 · Moscow, Soviet Union
Nikita Khrushchev became Soviet Premier, consolidating his power as both head of the Communist Party and the government.
Nikita Khrushchev’s “Secret Speech” - February 25, 1956
On February 25, 1956, Nikita Khrushchev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, delivered a landmark address known as the “Secret Speech” at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party. This speech marked a pivotal moment in Soviet history as Khrushchev denounced the cult of personality and the dictatorial regime of his predecessor, Joseph Stalin.
Context Leading Up to the Speech
Stalin’s Rule (1924-1953): Joseph Stalin’s leadership was characterized by totalitarian control, widespread purges, forced collectivization, and the establishment of a personality cult. His reign instilled fear and repression across the Soviet Union.
Stalin’s Death (1953): Following Stalin’s death, a power struggle ensued among Soviet leaders. Khrushchev emerged as a key figure, eventually consolidating power by 1955.
De-Stalinization: Khrushchev sought to reform the Soviet system and distance it from the oppressive policies of Stalin. This included reducing the power of the secret police and easing censorship.
The Speech
Content: Delivered in a closed session, Khrushchev’s speech criticized Stalin for his tyrannical rule, the purges of the 1930s, and the creation of a personality cult. He accused Stalin of betraying Leninist principles and highlighted the suffering caused by his policies.
Tone and Delivery: The speech was delivered in a confidential setting, intended only for party members. It was not published in the Soviet Union at the time, but copies were circulated and eventually leaked to the West.
Key Points
Denunciation of the Cult of Personality: Khrushchev condemned the excessive glorification of Stalin, arguing it was contrary to Marxist-Leninist ideology.
Acknowledgment of Repression: He acknowledged the unjust persecution and execution of party members and citizens during Stalin’s purges.
Call for Reform: Khrushchev advocated for a return to collective leadership and a more humane form of socialism.
Aftermath and Consequences
De-Stalinization: The speech initiated a process of de-Stalinization, leading to the release of political prisoners, the rehabilitation of purged individuals, and a relaxation of censorship.
Impact on the Soviet Union: The speech shocked many party members and led to a period of political and social thaw known as the “Khrushchev Thaw.”
International Repercussions: The speech had significant implications for communist parties worldwide, leading to ideological rifts and a reevaluation of Stalinist policies.
Legacy: Khrushchev’s denunciation of Stalin was a bold move that reshaped Soviet politics and influenced the global communist movement. It marked the beginning of a more open and reformist era in Soviet history.
Khrushchev’s “Secret Speech” remains a critical moment in the history of the Soviet Union, symbolizing a break from the oppressive past and setting the stage for future reforms.