The Ascension of Caligula: March 18, 37 AD

On March 18, 37 AD, a significant transition of power occurred in the Roman Empire. The Roman Senate annulled the will of Emperor Tiberius and proclaimed Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, commonly known as Caligula, as the new Emperor of Rome. This event marked the beginning of a new era in Roman history, characterized by both initial optimism and subsequent controversy.

Context Leading Up to the Event

• Tiberius’s Reign: Tiberius, the second Roman Emperor, ruled from 14 AD until his death in 37 AD. His reign was marked by a mix of competent administration and increasing paranoia, leading to a reclusive lifestyle in his later years on the island of Capri.

• Succession Concerns: Tiberius’s succession plans were complicated. His initial heir, Drusus Julius Caesar, died in 23 AD. Subsequently, Tiberius adopted his grand-nephew Caligula and his grandson Tiberius Gemellus as joint heirs.

• Tiberius’s Death: Tiberius died on March 16, 37 AD, under circumstances that some historical sources suggest involved foul play, possibly orchestrated by Caligula’s allies.

The Senate’s Decision

• Annulment of the Will: Upon Tiberius’s death, the Roman Senate moved quickly to annul his will. This decision was influenced by the political climate and the desire to avoid a potential power struggle between Caligula and Tiberius Gemellus.

• Proclamation of Caligula: The Senate’s proclamation of Caligula as Emperor was met with widespread public approval. Caligula, the son of the popular general Germanicus, was seen as a promising leader who could restore the glory of the Roman Empire.

Caligula’s Early Reign

• Initial Popularity: Caligula’s early reign was marked by public celebrations and generous acts, such as granting bonuses to the Praetorian Guard and organizing lavish games and spectacles.

• Reforms and Policies: Initially, Caligula implemented several reforms, including the restoration of democratic elections and the recall of exiles, which endeared him to the Roman populace.

Broader Historical Significance

• Shift in Imperial Power: Caligula’s ascension marked a shift in the nature of imperial power, with the Senate’s role in succession becoming more ceremonial than decisive.

• Caligula’s Legacy: Despite a promising start, Caligula’s reign soon descended into tyranny and excess, leading to his assassination in 41 AD. His rule is often cited as an example of the dangers of absolute power and the volatility of Roman imperial politics.

In summary, the annulment of Tiberius’s will and the proclamation of Caligula as Emperor on March 18, 37 AD, was a pivotal moment in Roman history. It set the stage for a tumultuous period that would have lasting impacts on the Roman Empire’s governance and its perception of imperial authority.