The Death of Sitting Bull: December 15, 1890

On December 15, 1890, Sitting Bull, the renowned Hunkpapa Lakota leader, was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation in what is now South Dakota. This event marked a significant and tragic moment in the history of Native American resistance to U.S. government policies.

Background

Sitting Bull was born around 1831 and rose to prominence as a leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux. He became a symbol of Native American resistance against U.S. expansion and policies that threatened their way of life. Sitting Bull is perhaps best known for his role in the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, where the combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes defeated the 7th Cavalry Regiment led by General George Armstrong Custer.

Following the defeat of Custer, Sitting Bull and his followers fled to Canada, seeking refuge. However, due to harsh conditions and pressure from the U.S. government, he eventually returned to the United States and surrendered in 1881. He was held as a prisoner of war for two years before being released to live on the Standing Rock Reservation.

The Ghost Dance Movement

By the late 1880s, the Ghost Dance movement, a spiritual revival among Native American tribes, had gained momentum. It promised the return of the ancestors, the restoration of the buffalo, and the disappearance of white settlers. The U.S. government viewed the movement as a threat, fearing it could incite rebellion among the Native American tribes.

Sitting Bull, although not a direct participant in the Ghost Dance, was seen as a potential leader of resistance due to his influence and past defiance. This perception led to increased scrutiny and tension between him and the authorities.

The Killing of Sitting Bull

On December 15, 1890, Indian agency police were dispatched to arrest Sitting Bull, fearing he might join the Ghost Dance movement. The police, led by Lieutenant Bull Head, arrived at Sitting Bull’s cabin early in the morning. A confrontation ensued as Sitting Bull’s supporters attempted to prevent his arrest.

During the struggle, shots were fired, and Sitting Bull was killed. Accounts vary, but it is believed that he was shot in the head and chest. The skirmish also resulted in the deaths of several others, including some of Sitting Bull’s followers and police officers.

Aftermath and Historical Significance

The death of Sitting Bull was a precursor to the Wounded Knee Massacre, which occurred just two weeks later on December 29, 1890. This massacre marked the end of the Indian Wars and was a devastating blow to Native American resistance.

Sitting Bull’s death is emblematic of the broader struggle between Native American tribes and the U.S. government during the 19th century. It highlights the tensions and conflicts arising from U.S. expansionist policies and the resistance of Native Americans to preserve their land, culture, and autonomy.

Today, Sitting Bull is remembered as a symbol of Native American resistance and resilience. His legacy continues to inspire discussions about indigenous rights and the historical injustices faced by Native American communities.