The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire: September 28, 1821

On September 28, 1821, the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire was drafted, marking a pivotal moment in the history of Mexico as it signaled the end of Spanish colonial rule. This event was the culmination of a protracted struggle for independence that had begun over a decade earlier.

Context and Background

The movement for Mexican independence was influenced by a variety of factors, including the Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality, the success of the American and French Revolutions, and the internal social and economic disparities within the Spanish colony. The initial push for independence began in 1810 with Miguel Hidalgo’s famous “Grito de Dolores,” which sparked a widespread rebellion against Spanish authorities.

Over the next decade, the struggle for independence saw numerous battles and shifting allegiances. Leaders such as José María Morelos, Vicente Guerrero, and Agustín de Iturbide played crucial roles in the fight against Spanish control. The movement gained momentum as it garnered support from various social classes, including Creoles, mestizos, and indigenous peoples.

Key Events Leading to the Declaration

• Plan of Iguala (February 24, 1821): Agustín de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero formulated the Plan of Iguala, which outlined the principles of independence, the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, and the protection of Roman Catholicism. This plan also proposed the union of all social classes under the banner of independence.

• Treaty of Córdoba (August 24, 1821): This treaty, signed by Iturbide and Spanish viceroy Juan O’Donojú, recognized Mexican independence and established the framework for the new government.

• Entry into Mexico City (September 27, 1821): The Army of the Three Guarantees, led by Iturbide, triumphantly entered Mexico City, effectively ending Spanish rule.

The Declaration of Independence

The day after the army’s entry into the capital, the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire was formally drafted. This document proclaimed Mexico’s sovereignty and independence from Spain, establishing a new nation. The declaration was a significant step in the formation of the Mexican Empire, with Agustín de Iturbide later being proclaimed Emperor Agustín I.

Aftermath and Significance

The drafting of the Declaration of Independence marked the beginning of a new era for Mexico. However, the nascent nation faced numerous challenges, including political instability, economic difficulties, and internal divisions. The Mexican Empire was short-lived, as Iturbide’s reign ended in 1823, leading to the establishment of the Mexican Republic.

The declaration remains a foundational moment in Mexican history, symbolizing the country’s struggle for self-determination and its emergence as an independent nation. It set the stage for future developments in Mexico’s political and social landscape and is celebrated as a key milestone in the country’s journey toward sovereignty.