Decree by Emperor Arcadius on February 15, 399

On February 15, 399, Roman Emperor Arcadius issued a significant decree that furthered the Christianization of the Roman Empire by prohibiting pagan worship and sacrifices. This decree was part of a broader series of legislative actions aimed at suppressing pagan practices and promoting Christianity as the dominant religion within the empire.

Historical Context

The late 4th century was a transformative period for the Roman Empire, marked by the gradual decline of traditional Roman polytheism and the rise of Christianity. The Edict of Milan in 313, issued by Emperor Constantine, had already granted religious tolerance to Christians, and subsequent emperors continued to favor Christianity. By the time of Arcadius, Christianity had become deeply entrenched in the political and cultural fabric of the empire.

Arcadius, who ruled the Eastern Roman Empire from 395 to 408, was a devout Christian. His reign was characterized by efforts to consolidate Christian orthodoxy and suppress heretical and pagan practices. The decree of February 15, 399, was a continuation of these efforts.

Key Provisions of the Decree

• Prohibition of Pagan Worship: The decree explicitly banned all forms of pagan worship, including sacrifices, which were central to traditional Roman religious practices.
• Closure of Temples: It likely mandated the closure of pagan temples, further diminishing the public presence and influence of paganism.
• Legal and Social Consequences: Those who continued to practice pagan rituals faced legal repercussions, which could include fines, confiscation of property, or other penalties.

Broader Historical Significance

The decree by Arcadius was part of a broader trend of Christian emperors enacting laws to suppress paganism. These measures were not only religious but also political, as they sought to unify the empire under a single faith and reduce the influence of traditional Roman elites who were often associated with pagan practices.

• Christianization of the Empire: The decree contributed to the Christianization of the Roman Empire, a process that would continue into the 5th century and beyond.
• Cultural Shift: It marked a significant cultural shift, as public pagan rituals and festivals were gradually replaced by Christian practices and celebrations.
• Legacy: The suppression of paganism under Arcadius and his successors laid the groundwork for the medieval Christian world, influencing the religious landscape of Europe for centuries.

Conclusion

The decree issued by Emperor Arcadius on February 15, 399, was a pivotal moment in the history of the Roman Empire, reflecting the ongoing transition from a polytheistic society to a Christian one. It underscored the increasing power of the Christian church and the diminishing role of traditional Roman religious practices, shaping the future of the empire and its cultural identity.