The First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur’s Raid on February 16, 1804
The First Barbary War (1801-1805) was a conflict between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa, primarily Tripoli, Algiers, and Tunis. These states had engaged in piracy against American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean, demanding tribute for safe passage. The U.S., under President Thomas Jefferson, refused to pay these tributes, leading to hostilities.
Background
The USS Philadelphia, a 36-gun frigate, was part of the U.S. naval squadron sent to the Mediterranean to protect American interests. On October 31, 1803, the Philadelphia ran aground on an uncharted reef near Tripoli harbor while pursuing a Tripolitan vessel. The ship and its crew were captured by the Tripolitans, who refloated the ship and brought it into their harbor. The capture of the Philadelphia was a significant blow to the U.S. Navy, as it provided the Tripolitans with a powerful warship.
The Raid
To prevent the Philadelphia from being used against them, the U.S. Navy planned a daring raid to destroy the ship. The mission was led by Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, a young and promising officer. On the night of February 16, 1804, Decatur and a select crew of volunteers sailed into Tripoli harbor aboard the ketch Intrepid, which had been captured from the Tripolitans and disguised as a local vessel.
The plan was to board the Philadelphia and set it ablaze. Decatur and his men successfully infiltrated the harbor, boarded the Philadelphia, and quickly overcame the small guard force left on the ship. They set fire to the frigate, ensuring its destruction. The flames illuminated the harbor, but Decatur and his men managed to escape under the cover of darkness, returning safely to the U.S. squadron.
Aftermath and Significance
The raid was a resounding success and dealt a significant blow to Tripolitan naval capabilities. It was hailed as a daring and heroic act, earning Decatur national fame. British Admiral Lord Nelson reportedly called it “the most bold and daring act of the age.”
The destruction of the Philadelphia demonstrated the resolve and capability of the young U.S. Navy, boosting American morale and contributing to the eventual success in the First Barbary War. The conflict concluded with the signing of a peace treaty in 1805, which ended the payment of tributes and secured the release of American prisoners.
Stephen Decatur’s actions during the raid solidified his reputation as a naval hero and set a precedent for American naval operations. The event is remembered as a pivotal moment in U.S. naval history, showcasing the courage and ingenuity of American forces in the face of adversity.