Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands by the United States
On August 12, 1898, the Hawaiian Islands were formally annexed by the United States, marking a significant moment in both Hawaiian and American history. This event was the culmination of a series of political maneuvers and conflicts that began with the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893.
Background
Kingdom of Hawaii Overthrow (1893): The overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy was orchestrated by a group of American and European business interests, known as the “Committee of Safety,” with the support of the U.S. Minister to Hawaii, John L. Stevens. Queen Liliʻuokalani, the last reigning monarch of Hawaii, was deposed in January 1893.
Establishment of the Republic of Hawaii (1894): Following the overthrow, the Provisional Government of Hawaii was established, which later declared itself the Republic of Hawaii in 1894, with Sanford B. Dole as its president. The new government sought annexation by the United States, but initial efforts were stalled due to opposition both in Hawaii and the U.S.
Path to Annexation
Political Climate in the U.S.: The annexation of Hawaii was influenced by the broader context of American expansionism and strategic interests in the Pacific. The Spanish-American War in 1898 heightened the strategic value of Hawaii as a naval base, particularly Pearl Harbor.
Annexation Resolution: The Newlands Resolution, named after Congressman Francis Newlands, was passed by the U.S. Congress and signed by President William McKinley on July 7, 1898. This resolution provided the legal framework for the annexation of Hawaii.
The Annexation Ceremony
- Formal Ceremony on August 12, 1898: The formal annexation ceremony took place in Honolulu, where the Hawaiian flag was lowered and the American flag was raised over ʻIolani Palace. This event symbolized the official transfer of sovereignty from the Republic of Hawaii to the United States.
Aftermath and Significance
Territory of Hawaii: Following annexation, Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1900, with Sanford B. Dole appointed as its first governor. The islands remained a territory until they were granted statehood in 1959.
Cultural and Political Impact: The annexation had profound effects on the native Hawaiian population, leading to significant cultural and political changes. The loss of sovereignty and subsequent Americanization efforts have been subjects of ongoing discussion and activism among Native Hawaiians.
Strategic Importance: Hawaii’s strategic location in the Pacific Ocean has made it a crucial military and economic hub for the United States, particularly during World War II and the Cold War.
The annexation of Hawaii remains a complex and sensitive topic, reflecting broader themes of imperialism, cultural assimilation, and the struggle for indigenous rights.